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📁 ..	-	2026-03-27 02:38
📄 __init__.py # __ # /__) _ _ _ _ _/ _ # / ( (- (/ (/ (- _) / _) # / """ Requests HTTP Library ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Requests is an HTTP library, written in Python, for human beings. Basic GET usage: >>> import requests >>> r = requests.get('https://www.python.org') >>> r.status_code 200 >>> b'Python is a programming language' in r.content True ... or POST: >>> payload = dict(key1='value1', key2='value2') >>> r = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data=payload) >>> print(r.text) { ... "form": { "key1": "value1", "key2": "value2" }, ... } The other HTTP methods are supported - see `requests.api`. Full documentation is at <https://requests.readthedocs.io>. :copyright: (c) 2017 by Kenneth Reitz. :license: Apache 2.0, see LICENSE for more details. """ import warnings import urllib3 from .exceptions import RequestsDependencyWarning try: from charset_normalizer import __version__ as charset_normalizer_version except ImportError: charset_normalizer_version = None try: from chardet import __version__ as chardet_version except ImportError: chardet_version = None def check_compatibility(urllib3_version, chardet_version, charset_normalizer_version): urllib3_version = urllib3_version.split(".") assert urllib3_version != ["dev"] # Verify urllib3 isn't installed from git. # Sometimes, urllib3 only reports its version as 16.1. if len(urllib3_version) == 2: urllib3_version.append("0") # Check urllib3 for compatibility. major, minor, patch = urllib3_version # noqa: F811 major, minor, patch = int(major), int(minor), int(patch) # urllib3 >= 1.21.1 assert major >= 1 if major == 1: assert minor >= 21 # Check charset_normalizer for compatibility. if chardet_version: major, minor, patch = chardet_version.split(".")[:3] major, minor, patch = int(major), int(minor), int(patch) # chardet_version >= 3.0.2, < 6.0.0 assert (3, 0, 2) <= (major, minor, patch) < (6, 0, 0) elif charset_normalizer_version: major, minor, patch = charset_normalizer_version.split(".")[:3] major, minor, patch = int(major), int(minor), int(patch) # charset_normalizer >= 2.0.0 < 4.0.0 assert (2, 0, 0) <= (major, minor, patch) < (4, 0, 0) else: raise Exception("You need either charset_normalizer or chardet installed") def _check_cryptography(cryptography_version): # cryptography < 1.3.4 try: cryptography_version = list(map(int, cryptography_version.split("."))) except ValueError: return if cryptography_version < [1, 3, 4]: warning = "Old version of cryptography ({}) may cause slowdown.".format( cryptography_version ) warnings.warn(warning, RequestsDependencyWarning) # Check imported dependencies for compatibility. try: check_compatibility( urllib3.__version__, chardet_version, charset_normalizer_version ) except (AssertionError, ValueError): warnings.warn( "urllib3 ({}) or chardet ({})/charset_normalizer ({}) doesn't match a supported " "version!".format( urllib3.__version__, chardet_version, charset_normalizer_version ), RequestsDependencyWarning, ) # Attempt to enable urllib3's fallback for SNI support # if the standard library doesn't support SNI or the # 'ssl' library isn't available. try: try: import ssl except ImportError: ssl = None if not getattr(ssl, "HAS_SNI", False): from urllib3.contrib import pyopenssl pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3() # Check cryptography version from cryptography import __version__ as cryptography_version _check_cryptography(cryptography_version) except ImportError: pass # urllib3's DependencyWarnings should be silenced. from urllib3.exceptions import DependencyWarning warnings.simplefilter("ignore", DependencyWarning) # Set default logging handler to avoid "No handler found" warnings. import logging from logging import NullHandler from . import packages, utils from .__version__ import ( __author__, __author_email__, __build__, __cake__, __copyright__, __description__, __license__, __title__, __url__, __version__, ) from .api import delete, get, head, options, patch, post, put, request from .exceptions import ( ConnectionError, ConnectTimeout, FileModeWarning, HTTPError, JSONDecodeError, ReadTimeout, RequestException, Timeout, TooManyRedirects, URLRequired, ) from .models import PreparedRequest, Request, Response from .sessions import Session, session from .status_codes import codes logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(NullHandler()) # FileModeWarnings go off per the default. warnings.simplefilter("default", FileModeWarning, append=True)	4.85 KB	2026-01-20 12:58
📁 __pycache__	-	2026-03-21 15:45
📄 __version__.py # .-. .-. .-. . . .-. .-. .-. .-. # \|( \|- \|.\| \| \| \|- `-. \| `-. # ' ' `-' `-`.`-' `-' `-' ' `-' __title__ = "requests" __description__ = "Python HTTP for Humans." __url__ = "https://requests.readthedocs.io" __version__ = "2.31.0" __build__ = 0x023100 __author__ = "Kenneth Reitz" __author_email__ = "me@kennethreitz.org" __license__ = "Apache 2.0" __copyright__ = "Copyright Kenneth Reitz" __cake__ = "\u2728 \U0001f370 \u2728"	435 B	2026-01-20 12:58
📄 _internal_utils.py """ requests._internal_utils ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Provides utility functions that are consumed internally by Requests which depend on extremely few external helpers (such as compat) """ import re from .compat import builtin_str _VALID_HEADER_NAME_RE_BYTE = re.compile(rb"^[^:\s][^:\r\n]$") _VALID_HEADER_NAME_RE_STR = re.compile(r"^[^:\s][^:\r\n]$") _VALID_HEADER_VALUE_RE_BYTE = re.compile(rb"^\S[^\r\n]$\|^$") _VALID_HEADER_VALUE_RE_STR = re.compile(r"^\S[^\r\n]$\|^$") _HEADER_VALIDATORS_STR = (_VALID_HEADER_NAME_RE_STR, _VALID_HEADER_VALUE_RE_STR) _HEADER_VALIDATORS_BYTE = (_VALID_HEADER_NAME_RE_BYTE, _VALID_HEADER_VALUE_RE_BYTE) HEADER_VALIDATORS = { bytes: _HEADER_VALIDATORS_BYTE, str: _HEADER_VALIDATORS_STR, } def to_native_string(string, encoding="ascii"): """Given a string object, regardless of type, returns a representation of that string in the native string type, encoding and decoding where necessary. This assumes ASCII unless told otherwise. """ if isinstance(string, builtin_str): out = string else: out = string.decode(encoding) return out def unicode_is_ascii(u_string): """Determine if unicode string only contains ASCII characters. :param str u_string: unicode string to check. Must be unicode and not Python 2 `str`. :rtype: bool """ assert isinstance(u_string, str) try: u_string.encode("ascii") return True except UnicodeEncodeError: return False	1.46 KB	2026-01-20 12:58
📄 adapters.py """ requests.adapters ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This module contains the transport adapters that Requests uses to define and maintain connections. """ import os.path import socket # noqa: F401 from urllib3.exceptions import ClosedPoolError, ConnectTimeoutError from urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as _HTTPError from urllib3.exceptions import InvalidHeader as _InvalidHeader from urllib3.exceptions import ( LocationValueError, MaxRetryError, NewConnectionError, ProtocolError, ) from urllib3.exceptions import ProxyError as _ProxyError from urllib3.exceptions import ReadTimeoutError, ResponseError from urllib3.exceptions import SSLError as _SSLError from urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager, proxy_from_url from urllib3.util import Timeout as TimeoutSauce from urllib3.util import parse_url from urllib3.util.retry import Retry from .auth import _basic_auth_str from .compat import basestring, urlparse from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar from .exceptions import ( ConnectionError, ConnectTimeout, InvalidHeader, InvalidProxyURL, InvalidSchema, InvalidURL, ProxyError, ReadTimeout, RetryError, SSLError, ) from .models import Response from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict from .utils import ( DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH, extract_zipped_paths, get_auth_from_url, get_encoding_from_headers, prepend_scheme_if_needed, select_proxy, urldefragauth, ) try: from urllib3.contrib.socks import SOCKSProxyManager except ImportError: def SOCKSProxyManager(args, kwargs): raise InvalidSchema("Missing dependencies for SOCKS support.") DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK = False DEFAULT_POOLSIZE = 10 DEFAULT_RETRIES = 0 DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT = None class BaseAdapter: """The Base Transport Adapter""" def __init__(self): super().__init__() def send( self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None ): """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object. :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent. :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content. :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple. :type timeout: float or tuple :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted. :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request. """ raise NotImplementedError def close(self): """Cleans up adapter specific items.""" raise NotImplementedError class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter): """The built-in HTTP Adapter for urllib3. Provides a general-case interface for Requests sessions to contact HTTP and HTTPS urls by implementing the Transport Adapter interface. This class will usually be created by the :class:`Session <Session>` class under the covers. :param pool_connections: The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache. :param pool_maxsize: The maximum number of connections to save in the pool. :param max_retries: The maximum number of retries each connection should attempt. Note, this applies only to failed DNS lookups, socket connections and connection timeouts, never to requests where data has made it to the server. By default, Requests does not retry failed connections. If you need granular control over the conditions under which we retry a request, import urllib3's ``Retry`` class and pass that instead. :param pool_block: Whether the connection pool should block for connections. Usage:: >>> import requests >>> s = requests.Session() >>> a = requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter(max_retries=3) >>> s.mount('http://', a) """ __attrs__ = [ "max_retries", "config", "_pool_connections", "_pool_maxsize", "_pool_block", ] def __init__( self, pool_connections=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE, pool_maxsize=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE, max_retries=DEFAULT_RETRIES, pool_block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK, ): if max_retries == DEFAULT_RETRIES: self.max_retries = Retry(0, read=False) else: self.max_retries = Retry.from_int(max_retries) self.config = {} self.proxy_manager = {} super().__init__() self._pool_connections = pool_connections self._pool_maxsize = pool_maxsize self._pool_block = pool_block self.init_poolmanager(pool_connections, pool_maxsize, block=pool_block) def __getstate__(self): return {attr: getattr(self, attr, None) for attr in self.__attrs__} def __setstate__(self, state): # Can't handle by adding 'proxy_manager' to self.__attrs__ because # self.poolmanager uses a lambda function, which isn't pickleable. self.proxy_manager = {} self.config = {} for attr, value in state.items(): setattr(self, attr, value) self.init_poolmanager( self._pool_connections, self._pool_maxsize, block=self._pool_block ) def init_poolmanager( self, connections, maxsize, block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK, pool_kwargs ): """Initializes a urllib3 PoolManager. This method should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`. :param connections: The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache. :param maxsize: The maximum number of connections to save in the pool. :param block: Block when no free connections are available. :param pool_kwargs: Extra keyword arguments used to initialize the Pool Manager. """ # save these values for pickling self._pool_connections = connections self._pool_maxsize = maxsize self._pool_block = block self.poolmanager = PoolManager( num_pools=connections, maxsize=maxsize, block=block, pool_kwargs, ) def proxy_manager_for(self, proxy, proxy_kwargs): """Return urllib3 ProxyManager for the given proxy. This method should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`. :param proxy: The proxy to return a urllib3 ProxyManager for. :param proxy_kwargs: Extra keyword arguments used to configure the Proxy Manager. :returns: ProxyManager :rtype: urllib3.ProxyManager """ if proxy in self.proxy_manager: manager = self.proxy_manager[proxy] elif proxy.lower().startswith("socks"): username, password = get_auth_from_url(proxy) manager = self.proxy_manager[proxy] = SOCKSProxyManager( proxy, username=username, password=password, num_pools=self._pool_connections, maxsize=self._pool_maxsize, block=self._pool_block, proxy_kwargs, ) else: proxy_headers = self.proxy_headers(proxy) manager = self.proxy_manager[proxy] = proxy_from_url( proxy, proxy_headers=proxy_headers, num_pools=self._pool_connections, maxsize=self._pool_maxsize, block=self._pool_block, proxy_kwargs, ) return manager def cert_verify(self, conn, url, verify, cert): """Verify a SSL certificate. This method should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`. :param conn: The urllib3 connection object associated with the cert. :param url: The requested URL. :param verify: Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use :param cert: The SSL certificate to verify. """ if url.lower().startswith("https") and verify: cert_loc = None # Allow self-specified cert location. if verify is not True: cert_loc = verify if not cert_loc: cert_loc = extract_zipped_paths(DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH) if not cert_loc or not os.path.exists(cert_loc): raise OSError( f"Could not find a suitable TLS CA certificate bundle, " f"invalid path: {cert_loc}" ) conn.cert_reqs = "CERT_REQUIRED" if not os.path.isdir(cert_loc): conn.ca_certs = cert_loc else: conn.ca_cert_dir = cert_loc else: conn.cert_reqs = "CERT_NONE" conn.ca_certs = None conn.ca_cert_dir = None if cert: if not isinstance(cert, basestring): conn.cert_file = cert[0] conn.key_file = cert[1] else: conn.cert_file = cert conn.key_file = None if conn.cert_file and not os.path.exists(conn.cert_file): raise OSError( f"Could not find the TLS certificate file, " f"invalid path: {conn.cert_file}" ) if conn.key_file and not os.path.exists(conn.key_file): raise OSError( f"Could not find the TLS key file, invalid path: {conn.key_file}" ) def build_response(self, req, resp): """Builds a :class:`Response <requests.Response>` object from a urllib3 response. This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>` :param req: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` used to generate the response. :param resp: The urllib3 response object. :rtype: requests.Response """ response = Response() # Fallback to None if there's no status_code, for whatever reason. response.status_code = getattr(resp, "status", None) # Make headers case-insensitive. response.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(getattr(resp, "headers", {})) # Set encoding. response.encoding = get_encoding_from_headers(response.headers) response.raw = resp response.reason = response.raw.reason if isinstance(req.url, bytes): response.url = req.url.decode("utf-8") else: response.url = req.url # Add new cookies from the server. extract_cookies_to_jar(response.cookies, req, resp) # Give the Response some context. response.request = req response.connection = self return response def get_connection(self, url, proxies=None): """Returns a urllib3 connection for the given URL. This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`. :param url: The URL to connect to. :param proxies: (optional) A Requests-style dictionary of proxies used on this request. :rtype: urllib3.ConnectionPool """ proxy = select_proxy(url, proxies) if proxy: proxy = prepend_scheme_if_needed(proxy, "http") proxy_url = parse_url(proxy) if not proxy_url.host: raise InvalidProxyURL( "Please check proxy URL. It is malformed " "and could be missing the host." ) proxy_manager = self.proxy_manager_for(proxy) conn = proxy_manager.connection_from_url(url) else: # Only scheme should be lower case parsed = urlparse(url) url = parsed.geturl() conn = self.poolmanager.connection_from_url(url) return conn def close(self): """Disposes of any internal state. Currently, this closes the PoolManager and any active ProxyManager, which closes any pooled connections. """ self.poolmanager.clear() for proxy in self.proxy_manager.values(): proxy.clear() def request_url(self, request, proxies): """Obtain the url to use when making the final request. If the message is being sent through a HTTP proxy, the full URL has to be used. Otherwise, we should only use the path portion of the URL. This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`. :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent. :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs. :rtype: str """ proxy = select_proxy(request.url, proxies) scheme = urlparse(request.url).scheme is_proxied_http_request = proxy and scheme != "https" using_socks_proxy = False if proxy: proxy_scheme = urlparse(proxy).scheme.lower() using_socks_proxy = proxy_scheme.startswith("socks") url = request.path_url if is_proxied_http_request and not using_socks_proxy: url = urldefragauth(request.url) return url def add_headers(self, request, *kwargs): """Add any headers needed by the connection. As of v2.0 this does nothing by default, but is left for overriding by users that subclass the :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`. This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`. :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` to add headers to. :param kwargs: The keyword arguments from the call to send(). """ pass def proxy_headers(self, proxy): """Returns a dictionary of the headers to add to any request sent through a proxy. This works with urllib3 magic to ensure that they are correctly sent to the proxy, rather than in a tunnelled request if CONNECT is being used. This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`. :param proxy: The url of the proxy being used for this request. :rtype: dict """ headers = {} username, password = get_auth_from_url(proxy) if username: headers["Proxy-Authorization"] = _basic_auth_str(username, password) return headers def send( self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None ): """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object. :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent. :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content. :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple. :type timeout: float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted. :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request. :rtype: requests.Response """ try: conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies) except LocationValueError as e: raise InvalidURL(e, request=request) self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert) url = self.request_url(request, proxies) self.add_headers( request, stream=stream, timeout=timeout, verify=verify, cert=cert, proxies=proxies, ) chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers) if isinstance(timeout, tuple): try: connect, read = timeout timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read) except ValueError: raise ValueError( f"Invalid timeout {timeout}. Pass a (connect, read) timeout tuple, " f"or a single float to set both timeouts to the same value." ) elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce): pass else: timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout) try: resp = conn.urlopen( method=request.method, url=url, body=request.body, headers=request.headers, redirect=False, assert_same_host=False, preload_content=False, decode_content=False, retries=self.max_retries, timeout=timeout, chunked=chunked, ) except (ProtocolError, OSError) as err: raise ConnectionError(err, request=request) except MaxRetryError as e: if isinstance(e.reason, ConnectTimeoutError): # TODO: Remove this in 3.0.0: see #2811 if not isinstance(e.reason, NewConnectionError): raise ConnectTimeout(e, request=request) if isinstance(e.reason, ResponseError): raise RetryError(e, request=request) if isinstance(e.reason, _ProxyError): raise ProxyError(e, request=request) if isinstance(e.reason, _SSLError): # This branch is for urllib3 v1.22 and later. raise SSLError(e, request=request) raise ConnectionError(e, request=request) except ClosedPoolError as e: raise ConnectionError(e, request=request) except _ProxyError as e: raise ProxyError(e) except (_SSLError, _HTTPError) as e: if isinstance(e, _SSLError): # This branch is for urllib3 versions earlier than v1.22 raise SSLError(e, request=request) elif isinstance(e, ReadTimeoutError): raise ReadTimeout(e, request=request) elif isinstance(e, _InvalidHeader): raise InvalidHeader(e, request=request) else: raise return self.build_response(request, resp)	19.09 KB	2026-01-20 12:58
📄 api.py """ requests.api ~~~~~~~~~~~~ This module implements the Requests API. :copyright: (c) 2012 by Kenneth Reitz. :license: Apache2, see LICENSE for more details. """ from . import sessions def request(method, url, kwargs): """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`. :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object: ``GET``, ``OPTIONS``, ``HEAD``, ``POST``, ``PUT``, ``PATCH``, or ``DELETE``. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send in the query string for the :class:`Request`. :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`. :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`. :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload. ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')`` or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers to add for the file. :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth. :param timeout: (optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple. :type timeout: float or tuple :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to ``True``. :type allow_redirects: bool :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy. :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to ``True``. :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded. :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair. :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object :rtype: requests.Response Usage:: >>> import requests >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get') >>> req <Response [200]> """ # By using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we # avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some # cases, and look like a memory leak in others. with sessions.Session() as session: return session.request(method=method, url=url, kwargs) def get(url, params=None, *kwargs): r"""Sends a GET request. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send in the query string for the :class:`Request`. :param \\kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object :rtype: requests.Response """ return request("get", url, params=params, kwargs) def options(url, kwargs): r"""Sends an OPTIONS request. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param \\kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object :rtype: requests.Response """ return request("options", url, kwargs) def head(url, kwargs): r"""Sends a HEAD request. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param \\kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. If `allow_redirects` is not provided, it will be set to `False` (as opposed to the default :meth:`request` behavior). :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object :rtype: requests.Response """ kwargs.setdefault("allow_redirects", False) return request("head", url, kwargs) def post(url, data=None, json=None, kwargs): r"""Sends a POST request. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param \\kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object :rtype: requests.Response """ return request("post", url, data=data, json=json, kwargs) def put(url, data=None, kwargs): r"""Sends a PUT request. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param \\kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object :rtype: requests.Response """ return request("put", url, data=data, kwargs) def patch(url, data=None, kwargs): r"""Sends a PATCH request. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param \\kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object :rtype: requests.Response """ return request("patch", url, data=data, kwargs) def delete(url, kwargs): r"""Sends a DELETE request. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param \\kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object :rtype: requests.Response """ return request("delete", url, *kwargs)	6.3 KB	2026-01-20 12:58
📄 auth.py """ requests.auth ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This module contains the authentication handlers for Requests. """ import hashlib import os import re import threading import time import warnings from base64 import b64encode from ._internal_utils import to_native_string from .compat import basestring, str, urlparse from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar from .utils import parse_dict_header CONTENT_TYPE_FORM_URLENCODED = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" CONTENT_TYPE_MULTI_PART = "multipart/form-data" def _basic_auth_str(username, password): """Returns a Basic Auth string.""" # "I want us to put a big-ol' comment on top of it that # says that this behaviour is dumb but we need to preserve # it because people are relying on it." # - Lukasa # # These are here solely to maintain backwards compatibility # for things like ints. This will be removed in 3.0.0. if not isinstance(username, basestring): warnings.warn( "Non-string usernames will no longer be supported in Requests " "3.0.0. Please convert the object you've passed in ({!r}) to " "a string or bytes object in the near future to avoid " "problems.".format(username), category=DeprecationWarning, ) username = str(username) if not isinstance(password, basestring): warnings.warn( "Non-string passwords will no longer be supported in Requests " "3.0.0. Please convert the object you've passed in ({!r}) to " "a string or bytes object in the near future to avoid " "problems.".format(type(password)), category=DeprecationWarning, ) password = str(password) # -- End Removal -- if isinstance(username, str): username = username.encode("latin1") if isinstance(password, str): password = password.encode("latin1") authstr = "Basic " + to_native_string( b64encode(b":".join((username, password))).strip() ) return authstr class AuthBase: """Base class that all auth implementations derive from""" def __call__(self, r): raise NotImplementedError("Auth hooks must be callable.") class HTTPBasicAuth(AuthBase): """Attaches HTTP Basic Authentication to the given Request object.""" def __init__(self, username, password): self.username = username self.password = password def __eq__(self, other): return all( [ self.username == getattr(other, "username", None), self.password == getattr(other, "password", None), ] ) def __ne__(self, other): return not self == other def __call__(self, r): r.headers["Authorization"] = _basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password) return r class HTTPProxyAuth(HTTPBasicAuth): """Attaches HTTP Proxy Authentication to a given Request object.""" def __call__(self, r): r.headers["Proxy-Authorization"] = _basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password) return r class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase): """Attaches HTTP Digest Authentication to the given Request object.""" def __init__(self, username, password): self.username = username self.password = password # Keep state in per-thread local storage self._thread_local = threading.local() def init_per_thread_state(self): # Ensure state is initialized just once per-thread if not hasattr(self._thread_local, "init"): self._thread_local.init = True self._thread_local.last_nonce = "" self._thread_local.nonce_count = 0 self._thread_local.chal = {} self._thread_local.pos = None self._thread_local.num_401_calls = None def build_digest_header(self, method, url): """ :rtype: str """ realm = self._thread_local.chal["realm"] nonce = self._thread_local.chal["nonce"] qop = self._thread_local.chal.get("qop") algorithm = self._thread_local.chal.get("algorithm") opaque = self._thread_local.chal.get("opaque") hash_utf8 = None if algorithm is None: _algorithm = "MD5" else: _algorithm = algorithm.upper() # lambdas assume digest modules are imported at the top level if _algorithm == "MD5" or _algorithm == "MD5-SESS": def md5_utf8(x): if isinstance(x, str): x = x.encode("utf-8") return hashlib.md5(x).hexdigest() hash_utf8 = md5_utf8 elif _algorithm == "SHA": def sha_utf8(x): if isinstance(x, str): x = x.encode("utf-8") return hashlib.sha1(x).hexdigest() hash_utf8 = sha_utf8 elif _algorithm == "SHA-256": def sha256_utf8(x): if isinstance(x, str): x = x.encode("utf-8") return hashlib.sha256(x).hexdigest() hash_utf8 = sha256_utf8 elif _algorithm == "SHA-512": def sha512_utf8(x): if isinstance(x, str): x = x.encode("utf-8") return hashlib.sha512(x).hexdigest() hash_utf8 = sha512_utf8 KD = lambda s, d: hash_utf8(f"{s}:{d}") # noqa:E731 if hash_utf8 is None: return None # XXX not implemented yet entdig = None p_parsed = urlparse(url) #: path is request-uri defined in RFC 2616 which should not be empty path = p_parsed.path or "/" if p_parsed.query: path += f"?{p_parsed.query}" A1 = f"{self.username}:{realm}:{self.password}" A2 = f"{method}:{path}" HA1 = hash_utf8(A1) HA2 = hash_utf8(A2) if nonce == self._thread_local.last_nonce: self._thread_local.nonce_count += 1 else: self._thread_local.nonce_count = 1 ncvalue = f"{self._thread_local.nonce_count:08x}" s = str(self._thread_local.nonce_count).encode("utf-8") s += nonce.encode("utf-8") s += time.ctime().encode("utf-8") s += os.urandom(8) cnonce = hashlib.sha1(s).hexdigest()[:16] if _algorithm == "MD5-SESS": HA1 = hash_utf8(f"{HA1}:{nonce}:{cnonce}") if not qop: respdig = KD(HA1, f"{nonce}:{HA2}") elif qop == "auth" or "auth" in qop.split(","): noncebit = f"{nonce}:{ncvalue}:{cnonce}:auth:{HA2}" respdig = KD(HA1, noncebit) else: # XXX handle auth-int. return None self._thread_local.last_nonce = nonce # XXX should the partial digests be encoded too? base = ( f'username="{self.username}", realm="{realm}", nonce="{nonce}", ' f'uri="{path}", response="{respdig}"' ) if opaque: base += f', opaque="{opaque}"' if algorithm: base += f', algorithm="{algorithm}"' if entdig: base += f', digest="{entdig}"' if qop: base += f', qop="auth", nc={ncvalue}, cnonce="{cnonce}"' return f"Digest {base}" def handle_redirect(self, r, kwargs): """Reset num_401_calls counter on redirects.""" if r.is_redirect: self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1 def handle_401(self, r, kwargs): """ Takes the given response and tries digest-auth, if needed. :rtype: requests.Response """ # If response is not 4xx, do not auth # See https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/3772 if not 400 <= r.status_code < 500: self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1 return r if self._thread_local.pos is not None: # Rewind the file position indicator of the body to where # it was to resend the request. r.request.body.seek(self._thread_local.pos) s_auth = r.headers.get("www-authenticate", "") if "digest" in s_auth.lower() and self._thread_local.num_401_calls < 2: self._thread_local.num_401_calls += 1 pat = re.compile(r"digest ", flags=re.IGNORECASE) self._thread_local.chal = parse_dict_header(pat.sub("", s_auth, count=1)) # Consume content and release the original connection # to allow our new request to reuse the same one. r.content r.close() prep = r.request.copy() extract_cookies_to_jar(prep._cookies, r.request, r.raw) prep.prepare_cookies(prep._cookies) prep.headers["Authorization"] = self.build_digest_header( prep.method, prep.url ) _r = r.connection.send(prep, **kwargs) _r.history.append(r) _r.request = prep return _r self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1 return r def __call__(self, r): # Initialize per-thread state, if needed self.init_per_thread_state() # If we have a saved nonce, skip the 401 if self._thread_local.last_nonce: r.headers["Authorization"] = self.build_digest_header(r.method, r.url) try: self._thread_local.pos = r.body.tell() except AttributeError: # In the case of HTTPDigestAuth being reused and the body of # the previous request was a file-like object, pos has the # file position of the previous body. Ensure it's set to # None. self._thread_local.pos = None r.register_hook("response", self.handle_401) r.register_hook("response", self.handle_redirect) self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1 return r def __eq__(self, other): return all( [ self.username == getattr(other, "username", None), self.password == getattr(other, "password", None), ] ) def __ne__(self, other): return not self == other	9.95 KB	2026-01-20 12:58
📄 certs.py #!/usr/bin/env python """ requests.certs ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This module returns the preferred default CA certificate bundle. There is only one — the one from the certifi package. If you are packaging Requests, e.g., for a Linux distribution or a managed environment, you can change the definition of where() to return a separately packaged CA bundle. """ from certifi import where if __name__ == "__main__": print(where())	429 B	2026-01-20 12:58
📄 compat.py """ requests.compat ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This module previously handled import compatibility issues between Python 2 and Python 3. It remains for backwards compatibility until the next major version. """ try: import chardet except ImportError: import charset_normalizer as chardet import sys # ------- # Pythons # ------- # Syntax sugar. _ver = sys.version_info #: Python 2.x? is_py2 = _ver[0] == 2 #: Python 3.x? is_py3 = _ver[0] == 3 # json/simplejson module import resolution has_simplejson = False try: import simplejson as json has_simplejson = True except ImportError: import json if has_simplejson: from simplejson import JSONDecodeError else: from json import JSONDecodeError # Keep OrderedDict for backwards compatibility. from collections import OrderedDict from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping, MutableMapping from http import cookiejar as cookielib from http.cookies import Morsel from io import StringIO # -------------- # Legacy Imports # -------------- from urllib.parse import ( quote, quote_plus, unquote, unquote_plus, urldefrag, urlencode, urljoin, urlparse, urlsplit, urlunparse, ) from urllib.request import ( getproxies, getproxies_environment, parse_http_list, proxy_bypass, proxy_bypass_environment, ) builtin_str = str str = str bytes = bytes basestring = (str, bytes) numeric_types = (int, float) integer_types = (int,)	1.42 KB	2026-01-20 12:58
📄 cookies.py """ requests.cookies ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Compatibility code to be able to use `cookielib.CookieJar` with requests. requests.utils imports from here, so be careful with imports. """ import calendar import copy import time from ._internal_utils import to_native_string from .compat import Morsel, MutableMapping, cookielib, urlparse, urlunparse try: import threading except ImportError: import dummy_threading as threading class MockRequest: """Wraps a `requests.Request` to mimic a `urllib2.Request`. The code in `cookielib.CookieJar` expects this interface in order to correctly manage cookie policies, i.e., determine whether a cookie can be set, given the domains of the request and the cookie. The original request object is read-only. The client is responsible for collecting the new headers via `get_new_headers()` and interpreting them appropriately. You probably want `get_cookie_header`, defined below. """ def __init__(self, request): self._r = request self._new_headers = {} self.type = urlparse(self._r.url).scheme def get_type(self): return self.type def get_host(self): return urlparse(self._r.url).netloc def get_origin_req_host(self): return self.get_host() def get_full_url(self): # Only return the response's URL if the user hadn't set the Host # header if not self._r.headers.get("Host"): return self._r.url # If they did set it, retrieve it and reconstruct the expected domain host = to_native_string(self._r.headers["Host"], encoding="utf-8") parsed = urlparse(self._r.url) # Reconstruct the URL as we expect it return urlunparse( [ parsed.scheme, host, parsed.path, parsed.params, parsed.query, parsed.fragment, ] ) def is_unverifiable(self): return True def has_header(self, name): return name in self._r.headers or name in self._new_headers def get_header(self, name, default=None): return self._r.headers.get(name, self._new_headers.get(name, default)) def add_header(self, key, val): """cookielib has no legitimate use for this method; add it back if you find one.""" raise NotImplementedError( "Cookie headers should be added with add_unredirected_header()" ) def add_unredirected_header(self, name, value): self._new_headers[name] = value def get_new_headers(self): return self._new_headers @property def unverifiable(self): return self.is_unverifiable() @property def origin_req_host(self): return self.get_origin_req_host() @property def host(self): return self.get_host() class MockResponse: """Wraps a `httplib.HTTPMessage` to mimic a `urllib.addinfourl`. ...what? Basically, expose the parsed HTTP headers from the server response the way `cookielib` expects to see them. """ def __init__(self, headers): """Make a MockResponse for `cookielib` to read. :param headers: a httplib.HTTPMessage or analogous carrying the headers """ self._headers = headers def info(self): return self._headers def getheaders(self, name): self._headers.getheaders(name) def extract_cookies_to_jar(jar, request, response): """Extract the cookies from the response into a CookieJar. :param jar: cookielib.CookieJar (not necessarily a RequestsCookieJar) :param request: our own requests.Request object :param response: urllib3.HTTPResponse object """ if not (hasattr(response, "_original_response") and response._original_response): return # the _original_response field is the wrapped httplib.HTTPResponse object, req = MockRequest(request) # pull out the HTTPMessage with the headers and put it in the mock: res = MockResponse(response._original_response.msg) jar.extract_cookies(res, req) def get_cookie_header(jar, request): """ Produce an appropriate Cookie header string to be sent with `request`, or None. :rtype: str """ r = MockRequest(request) jar.add_cookie_header(r) return r.get_new_headers().get("Cookie") def remove_cookie_by_name(cookiejar, name, domain=None, path=None): """Unsets a cookie by name, by default over all domains and paths. Wraps CookieJar.clear(), is O(n). """ clearables = [] for cookie in cookiejar: if cookie.name != name: continue if domain is not None and domain != cookie.domain: continue if path is not None and path != cookie.path: continue clearables.append((cookie.domain, cookie.path, cookie.name)) for domain, path, name in clearables: cookiejar.clear(domain, path, name) class CookieConflictError(RuntimeError): """There are two cookies that meet the criteria specified in the cookie jar. Use .get and .set and include domain and path args in order to be more specific. """ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, MutableMapping): """Compatibility class; is a cookielib.CookieJar, but exposes a dict interface. This is the CookieJar we create by default for requests and sessions that don't specify one, since some clients may expect response.cookies and session.cookies to support dict operations. Requests does not use the dict interface internally; it's just for compatibility with external client code. All requests code should work out of the box with externally provided instances of ``CookieJar``, e.g. ``LWPCookieJar`` and ``FileCookieJar``. Unlike a regular CookieJar, this class is pickleable. .. warning:: dictionary operations that are normally O(1) may be O(n). """ def get(self, name, default=None, domain=None, path=None): """Dict-like get() that also supports optional domain and path args in order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over multiple domains. .. warning:: operation is O(n), not O(1). """ try: return self._find_no_duplicates(name, domain, path) except KeyError: return default def set(self, name, value, kwargs): """Dict-like set() that also supports optional domain and path args in order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over multiple domains. """ # support client code that unsets cookies by assignment of a None value: if value is None: remove_cookie_by_name( self, name, domain=kwargs.get("domain"), path=kwargs.get("path") ) return if isinstance(value, Morsel): c = morsel_to_cookie(value) else: c = create_cookie(name, value, kwargs) self.set_cookie(c) return c def iterkeys(self): """Dict-like iterkeys() that returns an iterator of names of cookies from the jar. .. seealso:: itervalues() and iteritems(). """ for cookie in iter(self): yield cookie.name def keys(self): """Dict-like keys() that returns a list of names of cookies from the jar. .. seealso:: values() and items(). """ return list(self.iterkeys()) def itervalues(self): """Dict-like itervalues() that returns an iterator of values of cookies from the jar. .. seealso:: iterkeys() and iteritems(). """ for cookie in iter(self): yield cookie.value def values(self): """Dict-like values() that returns a list of values of cookies from the jar. .. seealso:: keys() and items(). """ return list(self.itervalues()) def iteritems(self): """Dict-like iteritems() that returns an iterator of name-value tuples from the jar. .. seealso:: iterkeys() and itervalues(). """ for cookie in iter(self): yield cookie.name, cookie.value def items(self): """Dict-like items() that returns a list of name-value tuples from the jar. Allows client-code to call ``dict(RequestsCookieJar)`` and get a vanilla python dict of key value pairs. .. seealso:: keys() and values(). """ return list(self.iteritems()) def list_domains(self): """Utility method to list all the domains in the jar.""" domains = [] for cookie in iter(self): if cookie.domain not in domains: domains.append(cookie.domain) return domains def list_paths(self): """Utility method to list all the paths in the jar.""" paths = [] for cookie in iter(self): if cookie.path not in paths: paths.append(cookie.path) return paths def multiple_domains(self): """Returns True if there are multiple domains in the jar. Returns False otherwise. :rtype: bool """ domains = [] for cookie in iter(self): if cookie.domain is not None and cookie.domain in domains: return True domains.append(cookie.domain) return False # there is only one domain in jar def get_dict(self, domain=None, path=None): """Takes as an argument an optional domain and path and returns a plain old Python dict of name-value pairs of cookies that meet the requirements. :rtype: dict """ dictionary = {} for cookie in iter(self): if (domain is None or cookie.domain == domain) and ( path is None or cookie.path == path ): dictionary[cookie.name] = cookie.value return dictionary def __contains__(self, name): try: return super().__contains__(name) except CookieConflictError: return True def __getitem__(self, name): """Dict-like __getitem__() for compatibility with client code. Throws exception if there are more than one cookie with name. In that case, use the more explicit get() method instead. .. warning:: operation is O(n), not O(1). """ return self._find_no_duplicates(name) def __setitem__(self, name, value): """Dict-like __setitem__ for compatibility with client code. Throws exception if there is already a cookie of that name in the jar. In that case, use the more explicit set() method instead. """ self.set(name, value) def __delitem__(self, name): """Deletes a cookie given a name. Wraps ``cookielib.CookieJar``'s ``remove_cookie_by_name()``. """ remove_cookie_by_name(self, name) def set_cookie(self, cookie, args, kwargs): if ( hasattr(cookie.value, "startswith") and cookie.value.startswith('"') and cookie.value.endswith('"') ): cookie.value = cookie.value.replace('\\"', "") return super().set_cookie(cookie, args, kwargs) def update(self, other): """Updates this jar with cookies from another CookieJar or dict-like""" if isinstance(other, cookielib.CookieJar): for cookie in other: self.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie)) else: super().update(other) def _find(self, name, domain=None, path=None): """Requests uses this method internally to get cookie values. If there are conflicting cookies, _find arbitrarily chooses one. See _find_no_duplicates if you want an exception thrown if there are conflicting cookies. :param name: a string containing name of cookie :param domain: (optional) string containing domain of cookie :param path: (optional) string containing path of cookie :return: cookie.value """ for cookie in iter(self): if cookie.name == name: if domain is None or cookie.domain == domain: if path is None or cookie.path == path: return cookie.value raise KeyError(f"name={name!r}, domain={domain!r}, path={path!r}") def _find_no_duplicates(self, name, domain=None, path=None): """Both ``__get_item__`` and ``get`` call this function: it's never used elsewhere in Requests. :param name: a string containing name of cookie :param domain: (optional) string containing domain of cookie :param path: (optional) string containing path of cookie :raises KeyError: if cookie is not found :raises CookieConflictError: if there are multiple cookies that match name and optionally domain and path :return: cookie.value """ toReturn = None for cookie in iter(self): if cookie.name == name: if domain is None or cookie.domain == domain: if path is None or cookie.path == path: if toReturn is not None: # if there are multiple cookies that meet passed in criteria raise CookieConflictError( f"There are multiple cookies with name, {name!r}" ) # we will eventually return this as long as no cookie conflict toReturn = cookie.value if toReturn: return toReturn raise KeyError(f"name={name!r}, domain={domain!r}, path={path!r}") def __getstate__(self): """Unlike a normal CookieJar, this class is pickleable.""" state = self.__dict__.copy() # remove the unpickleable RLock object state.pop("_cookies_lock") return state def __setstate__(self, state): """Unlike a normal CookieJar, this class is pickleable.""" self.__dict__.update(state) if "_cookies_lock" not in self.__dict__: self._cookies_lock = threading.RLock() def copy(self): """Return a copy of this RequestsCookieJar.""" new_cj = RequestsCookieJar() new_cj.set_policy(self.get_policy()) new_cj.update(self) return new_cj def get_policy(self): """Return the CookiePolicy instance used.""" return self._policy def _copy_cookie_jar(jar): if jar is None: return None if hasattr(jar, "copy"): # We're dealing with an instance of RequestsCookieJar return jar.copy() # We're dealing with a generic CookieJar instance new_jar = copy.copy(jar) new_jar.clear() for cookie in jar: new_jar.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie)) return new_jar def create_cookie(name, value, kwargs): """Make a cookie from underspecified parameters. By default, the pair of `name` and `value` will be set for the domain '' and sent on every request (this is sometimes called a "supercookie"). """ result = { "version": 0, "name": name, "value": value, "port": None, "domain": "", "path": "/", "secure": False, "expires": None, "discard": True, "comment": None, "comment_url": None, "rest": {"HttpOnly": None}, "rfc2109": False, } badargs = set(kwargs) - set(result) if badargs: raise TypeError( f"create_cookie() got unexpected keyword arguments: {list(badargs)}" ) result.update(kwargs) result["port_specified"] = bool(result["port"]) result["domain_specified"] = bool(result["domain"]) result["domain_initial_dot"] = result["domain"].startswith(".") result["path_specified"] = bool(result["path"]) return cookielib.Cookie(**result) def morsel_to_cookie(morsel): """Convert a Morsel object into a Cookie containing the one k/v pair.""" expires = None if morsel["max-age"]: try: expires = int(time.time() + int(morsel["max-age"])) except ValueError: raise TypeError(f"max-age: {morsel['max-age']} must be integer") elif morsel["expires"]: time_template = "%a, %d-%b-%Y %H:%M:%S GMT" expires = calendar.timegm(time.strptime(morsel["expires"], time_template)) return create_cookie( comment=morsel["comment"], comment_url=bool(morsel["comment"]), discard=False, domain=morsel["domain"], expires=expires, name=morsel.key, path=morsel["path"], port=None, rest={"HttpOnly": morsel["httponly"]}, rfc2109=False, secure=bool(morsel["secure"]), value=morsel.value, version=morsel["version"] or 0, ) def cookiejar_from_dict(cookie_dict, cookiejar=None, overwrite=True): """Returns a CookieJar from a key/value dictionary. :param cookie_dict: Dict of key/values to insert into CookieJar. :param cookiejar: (optional) A cookiejar to add the cookies to. :param overwrite: (optional) If False, will not replace cookies already in the jar with new ones. :rtype: CookieJar """ if cookiejar is None: cookiejar = RequestsCookieJar() if cookie_dict is not None: names_from_jar = [cookie.name for cookie in cookiejar] for name in cookie_dict: if overwrite or (name not in names_from_jar): cookiejar.set_cookie(create_cookie(name, cookie_dict[name])) return cookiejar def merge_cookies(cookiejar, cookies): """Add cookies to cookiejar and returns a merged CookieJar. :param cookiejar: CookieJar object to add the cookies to. :param cookies: Dictionary or CookieJar object to be added. :rtype: CookieJar """ if not isinstance(cookiejar, cookielib.CookieJar): raise ValueError("You can only merge into CookieJar") if isinstance(cookies, dict): cookiejar = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies, cookiejar=cookiejar, overwrite=False) elif isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar): try: cookiejar.update(cookies) except AttributeError: for cookie_in_jar in cookies: cookiejar.set_cookie(cookie_in_jar) return cookiejar	18.13 KB	2026-01-20 12:58
📄 exceptions.py """ requests.exceptions ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This module contains the set of Requests' exceptions. """ from urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as BaseHTTPError from .compat import JSONDecodeError as CompatJSONDecodeError class RequestException(IOError): """There was an ambiguous exception that occurred while handling your request. """ def __init__(self, args, kwargs): """Initialize RequestException with `request` and `response` objects.""" response = kwargs.pop("response", None) self.response = response self.request = kwargs.pop("request", None) if response is not None and not self.request and hasattr(response, "request"): self.request = self.response.request super().__init__(args, *kwargs) class InvalidJSONError(RequestException): """A JSON error occurred.""" class JSONDecodeError(InvalidJSONError, CompatJSONDecodeError): """Couldn't decode the text into json""" def __init__(self, args, *kwargs): """ Construct the JSONDecodeError instance first with all args. Then use it's args to construct the IOError so that the json specific args aren't used as IOError specific args and the error message from JSONDecodeError is preserved. """ CompatJSONDecodeError.__init__(self, args) InvalidJSONError.__init__(self, self.args, *kwargs) class HTTPError(RequestException): """An HTTP error occurred.""" class ConnectionError(RequestException): """A Connection error occurred.""" class ProxyError(ConnectionError): """A proxy error occurred.""" class SSLError(ConnectionError): """An SSL error occurred.""" class Timeout(RequestException): """The request timed out. Catching this error will catch both :exc:`~requests.exceptions.ConnectTimeout` and :exc:`~requests.exceptions.ReadTimeout` errors. """ class ConnectTimeout(ConnectionError, Timeout): """The request timed out while trying to connect to the remote server. Requests that produced this error are safe to retry. """ class ReadTimeout(Timeout): """The server did not send any data in the allotted amount of time.""" class URLRequired(RequestException): """A valid URL is required to make a request.""" class TooManyRedirects(RequestException): """Too many redirects.""" class MissingSchema(RequestException, ValueError): """The URL scheme (e.g. http or https) is missing.""" class InvalidSchema(RequestException, ValueError): """The URL scheme provided is either invalid or unsupported.""" class InvalidURL(RequestException, ValueError): """The URL provided was somehow invalid.""" class InvalidHeader(RequestException, ValueError): """The header value provided was somehow invalid.""" class InvalidProxyURL(InvalidURL): """The proxy URL provided is invalid.""" class ChunkedEncodingError(RequestException): """The server declared chunked encoding but sent an invalid chunk.""" class ContentDecodingError(RequestException, BaseHTTPError): """Failed to decode response content.""" class StreamConsumedError(RequestException, TypeError): """The content for this response was already consumed.""" class RetryError(RequestException): """Custom retries logic failed""" class UnrewindableBodyError(RequestException): """Requests encountered an error when trying to rewind a body.""" # Warnings class RequestsWarning(Warning): """Base warning for Requests.""" class FileModeWarning(RequestsWarning, DeprecationWarning): """A file was opened in text mode, but Requests determined its binary length.""" class RequestsDependencyWarning(RequestsWarning): """An imported dependency doesn't match the expected version range."""	3.72 KB	2026-01-20 12:58
📄 help.py """Module containing bug report helper(s).""" import json import platform import ssl import sys import idna import urllib3 from . import __version__ as requests_version try: import charset_normalizer except ImportError: charset_normalizer = None try: import chardet except ImportError: chardet = None try: from urllib3.contrib import pyopenssl except ImportError: pyopenssl = None OpenSSL = None cryptography = None else: import cryptography import OpenSSL def _implementation(): """Return a dict with the Python implementation and version. Provide both the name and the version of the Python implementation currently running. For example, on CPython 3.10.3 it will return {'name': 'CPython', 'version': '3.10.3'}. This function works best on CPython and PyPy: in particular, it probably doesn't work for Jython or IronPython. Future investigation should be done to work out the correct shape of the code for those platforms. """ implementation = platform.python_implementation() if implementation == "CPython": implementation_version = platform.python_version() elif implementation == "PyPy": implementation_version = "{}.{}.{}".format( sys.pypy_version_info.major, sys.pypy_version_info.minor, sys.pypy_version_info.micro, ) if sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel != "final": implementation_version = "".join( [implementation_version, sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel] ) elif implementation == "Jython": implementation_version = platform.python_version() # Complete Guess elif implementation == "IronPython": implementation_version = platform.python_version() # Complete Guess else: implementation_version = "Unknown" return {"name": implementation, "version": implementation_version} def info(): """Generate information for a bug report.""" try: platform_info = { "system": platform.system(), "release": platform.release(), } except OSError: platform_info = { "system": "Unknown", "release": "Unknown", } implementation_info = _implementation() urllib3_info = {"version": urllib3.__version__} charset_normalizer_info = {"version": None} chardet_info = {"version": None} if charset_normalizer: charset_normalizer_info = {"version": charset_normalizer.__version__} if chardet: chardet_info = {"version": chardet.__version__} pyopenssl_info = { "version": None, "openssl_version": "", } if OpenSSL: pyopenssl_info = { "version": OpenSSL.__version__, "openssl_version": f"{OpenSSL.SSL.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER:x}", } cryptography_info = { "version": getattr(cryptography, "__version__", ""), } idna_info = { "version": getattr(idna, "__version__", ""), } system_ssl = ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER system_ssl_info = {"version": f"{system_ssl:x}" if system_ssl is not None else ""} return { "platform": platform_info, "implementation": implementation_info, "system_ssl": system_ssl_info, "using_pyopenssl": pyopenssl is not None, "using_charset_normalizer": chardet is None, "pyOpenSSL": pyopenssl_info, "urllib3": urllib3_info, "chardet": chardet_info, "charset_normalizer": charset_normalizer_info, "cryptography": cryptography_info, "idna": idna_info, "requests": { "version": requests_version, }, } def main(): """Pretty-print the bug information as JSON.""" print(json.dumps(info(), sort_keys=True, indent=2)) if __name__ == "__main__": main()	3.78 KB	2026-01-20 12:58
📄 hooks.py """ requests.hooks ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This module provides the capabilities for the Requests hooks system. Available hooks: ``response``: The response generated from a Request. """ HOOKS = ["response"] def default_hooks(): return {event: [] for event in HOOKS} # TODO: response is the only one def dispatch_hook(key, hooks, hook_data, kwargs): """Dispatches a hook dictionary on a given piece of data.""" hooks = hooks or {} hooks = hooks.get(key) if hooks: if hasattr(hooks, "__call__"): hooks = [hooks] for hook in hooks: _hook_data = hook(hook_data, kwargs) if _hook_data is not None: hook_data = _hook_data return hook_data	733 B	2026-01-20 12:58
📄 models.py """ requests.models ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This module contains the primary objects that power Requests. """ import datetime # Import encoding now, to avoid implicit import later. # Implicit import within threads may cause LookupError when standard library is in a ZIP, # such as in Embedded Python. See https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/3578. import encodings.idna # noqa: F401 from io import UnsupportedOperation from urllib3.exceptions import ( DecodeError, LocationParseError, ProtocolError, ReadTimeoutError, SSLError, ) from urllib3.fields import RequestField from urllib3.filepost import encode_multipart_formdata from urllib3.util import parse_url from ._internal_utils import to_native_string, unicode_is_ascii from .auth import HTTPBasicAuth from .compat import ( Callable, JSONDecodeError, Mapping, basestring, builtin_str, chardet, cookielib, ) from .compat import json as complexjson from .compat import urlencode, urlsplit, urlunparse from .cookies import _copy_cookie_jar, cookiejar_from_dict, get_cookie_header from .exceptions import ( ChunkedEncodingError, ConnectionError, ContentDecodingError, HTTPError, InvalidJSONError, InvalidURL, ) from .exceptions import JSONDecodeError as RequestsJSONDecodeError from .exceptions import MissingSchema from .exceptions import SSLError as RequestsSSLError from .exceptions import StreamConsumedError from .hooks import default_hooks from .status_codes import codes from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict from .utils import ( check_header_validity, get_auth_from_url, guess_filename, guess_json_utf, iter_slices, parse_header_links, requote_uri, stream_decode_response_unicode, super_len, to_key_val_list, ) #: The set of HTTP status codes that indicate an automatically #: processable redirect. REDIRECT_STATI = ( codes.moved, # 301 codes.found, # 302 codes.other, # 303 codes.temporary_redirect, # 307 codes.permanent_redirect, # 308 ) DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT = 30 CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE = 10 * 1024 ITER_CHUNK_SIZE = 512 class RequestEncodingMixin: @property def path_url(self): """Build the path URL to use.""" url = [] p = urlsplit(self.url) path = p.path if not path: path = "/" url.append(path) query = p.query if query: url.append("?") url.append(query) return "".join(url) @staticmethod def _encode_params(data): """Encode parameters in a piece of data. Will successfully encode parameters when passed as a dict or a list of 2-tuples. Order is retained if data is a list of 2-tuples but arbitrary if parameters are supplied as a dict. """ if isinstance(data, (str, bytes)): return data elif hasattr(data, "read"): return data elif hasattr(data, "__iter__"): result = [] for k, vs in to_key_val_list(data): if isinstance(vs, basestring) or not hasattr(vs, "__iter__"): vs = [vs] for v in vs: if v is not None: result.append( ( k.encode("utf-8") if isinstance(k, str) else k, v.encode("utf-8") if isinstance(v, str) else v, ) ) return urlencode(result, doseq=True) else: return data @staticmethod def _encode_files(files, data): """Build the body for a multipart/form-data request. Will successfully encode files when passed as a dict or a list of tuples. Order is retained if data is a list of tuples but arbitrary if parameters are supplied as a dict. The tuples may be 2-tuples (filename, fileobj), 3-tuples (filename, fileobj, contentype) or 4-tuples (filename, fileobj, contentype, custom_headers). """ if not files: raise ValueError("Files must be provided.") elif isinstance(data, basestring): raise ValueError("Data must not be a string.") new_fields = [] fields = to_key_val_list(data or {}) files = to_key_val_list(files or {}) for field, val in fields: if isinstance(val, basestring) or not hasattr(val, "__iter__"): val = [val] for v in val: if v is not None: # Don't call str() on bytestrings: in Py3 it all goes wrong. if not isinstance(v, bytes): v = str(v) new_fields.append( ( field.decode("utf-8") if isinstance(field, bytes) else field, v.encode("utf-8") if isinstance(v, str) else v, ) ) for (k, v) in files: # support for explicit filename ft = None fh = None if isinstance(v, (tuple, list)): if len(v) == 2: fn, fp = v elif len(v) == 3: fn, fp, ft = v else: fn, fp, ft, fh = v else: fn = guess_filename(v) or k fp = v if isinstance(fp, (str, bytes, bytearray)): fdata = fp elif hasattr(fp, "read"): fdata = fp.read() elif fp is None: continue else: fdata = fp rf = RequestField(name=k, data=fdata, filename=fn, headers=fh) rf.make_multipart(content_type=ft) new_fields.append(rf) body, content_type = encode_multipart_formdata(new_fields) return body, content_type class RequestHooksMixin: def register_hook(self, event, hook): """Properly register a hook.""" if event not in self.hooks: raise ValueError(f'Unsupported event specified, with event name "{event}"') if isinstance(hook, Callable): self.hooks[event].append(hook) elif hasattr(hook, "__iter__"): self.hooks[event].extend(h for h in hook if isinstance(h, Callable)) def deregister_hook(self, event, hook): """Deregister a previously registered hook. Returns True if the hook existed, False if not. """ try: self.hooks[event].remove(hook) return True except ValueError: return False class Request(RequestHooksMixin): """A user-created :class:`Request <Request>` object. Used to prepare a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>`, which is sent to the server. :param method: HTTP method to use. :param url: URL to send. :param headers: dictionary of headers to send. :param files: dictionary of {filename: fileobject} files to multipart upload. :param data: the body to attach to the request. If a dictionary or list of tuples ``[(key, value)]`` is provided, form-encoding will take place. :param json: json for the body to attach to the request (if files or data is not specified). :param params: URL parameters to append to the URL. If a dictionary or list of tuples ``[(key, value)]`` is provided, form-encoding will take place. :param auth: Auth handler or (user, pass) tuple. :param cookies: dictionary or CookieJar of cookies to attach to this request. :param hooks: dictionary of callback hooks, for internal usage. Usage:: >>> import requests >>> req = requests.Request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get') >>> req.prepare() <PreparedRequest [GET]> """ def __init__( self, method=None, url=None, headers=None, files=None, data=None, params=None, auth=None, cookies=None, hooks=None, json=None, ): # Default empty dicts for dict params. data = [] if data is None else data files = [] if files is None else files headers = {} if headers is None else headers params = {} if params is None else params hooks = {} if hooks is None else hooks self.hooks = default_hooks() for (k, v) in list(hooks.items()): self.register_hook(event=k, hook=v) self.method = method self.url = url self.headers = headers self.files = files self.data = data self.json = json self.params = params self.auth = auth self.cookies = cookies def __repr__(self): return f"<Request [{self.method}]>" def prepare(self): """Constructs a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` for transmission and returns it.""" p = PreparedRequest() p.prepare( method=self.method, url=self.url, headers=self.headers, files=self.files, data=self.data, json=self.json, params=self.params, auth=self.auth, cookies=self.cookies, hooks=self.hooks, ) return p class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin): """The fully mutable :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object, containing the exact bytes that will be sent to the server. Instances are generated from a :class:`Request <Request>` object, and should not be instantiated manually; doing so may produce undesirable effects. Usage:: >>> import requests >>> req = requests.Request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get') >>> r = req.prepare() >>> r <PreparedRequest [GET]> >>> s = requests.Session() >>> s.send(r) <Response [200]> """ def __init__(self): #: HTTP verb to send to the server. self.method = None #: HTTP URL to send the request to. self.url = None #: dictionary of HTTP headers. self.headers = None # The `CookieJar` used to create the Cookie header will be stored here # after prepare_cookies is called self._cookies = None #: request body to send to the server. self.body = None #: dictionary of callback hooks, for internal usage. self.hooks = default_hooks() #: integer denoting starting position of a readable file-like body. self._body_position = None def prepare( self, method=None, url=None, headers=None, files=None, data=None, params=None, auth=None, cookies=None, hooks=None, json=None, ): """Prepares the entire request with the given parameters.""" self.prepare_method(method) self.prepare_url(url, params) self.prepare_headers(headers) self.prepare_cookies(cookies) self.prepare_body(data, files, json) self.prepare_auth(auth, url) # Note that prepare_auth must be last to enable authentication schemes # such as OAuth to work on a fully prepared request. # This MUST go after prepare_auth. Authenticators could add a hook self.prepare_hooks(hooks) def __repr__(self): return f"<PreparedRequest [{self.method}]>" def copy(self): p = PreparedRequest() p.method = self.method p.url = self.url p.headers = self.headers.copy() if self.headers is not None else None p._cookies = _copy_cookie_jar(self._cookies) p.body = self.body p.hooks = self.hooks p._body_position = self._body_position return p def prepare_method(self, method): """Prepares the given HTTP method.""" self.method = method if self.method is not None: self.method = to_native_string(self.method.upper()) @staticmethod def _get_idna_encoded_host(host): import idna try: host = idna.encode(host, uts46=True).decode("utf-8") except idna.IDNAError: raise UnicodeError return host def prepare_url(self, url, params): """Prepares the given HTTP URL.""" #: Accept objects that have string representations. #: We're unable to blindly call unicode/str functions #: as this will include the bytestring indicator (b'') #: on python 3.x. #: https://github.com/psf/requests/pull/2238 if isinstance(url, bytes): url = url.decode("utf8") else: url = str(url) # Remove leading whitespaces from url url = url.lstrip() # Don't do any URL preparation for non-HTTP schemes like `mailto`, # `data` etc to work around exceptions from `url_parse`, which # handles RFC 3986 only. if ":" in url and not url.lower().startswith("http"): self.url = url return # Support for unicode domain names and paths. try: scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = parse_url(url) except LocationParseError as e: raise InvalidURL(e.args) if not scheme: raise MissingSchema( f"Invalid URL {url!r}: No scheme supplied. " f"Perhaps you meant https://{url}?" ) if not host: raise InvalidURL(f"Invalid URL {url!r}: No host supplied") # In general, we want to try IDNA encoding the hostname if the string contains # non-ASCII characters. This allows users to automatically get the correct IDNA # behaviour. For strings containing only ASCII characters, we need to also verify # it doesn't start with a wildcard (), before allowing the unencoded hostname. if not unicode_is_ascii(host): try: host = self._get_idna_encoded_host(host) except UnicodeError: raise InvalidURL("URL has an invalid label.") elif host.startswith(("", ".")): raise InvalidURL("URL has an invalid label.") # Carefully reconstruct the network location netloc = auth or "" if netloc: netloc += "@" netloc += host if port: netloc += f":{port}" # Bare domains aren't valid URLs. if not path: path = "/" if isinstance(params, (str, bytes)): params = to_native_string(params) enc_params = self._encode_params(params) if enc_params: if query: query = f"{query}&{enc_params}" else: query = enc_params url = requote_uri(urlunparse([scheme, netloc, path, None, query, fragment])) self.url = url def prepare_headers(self, headers): """Prepares the given HTTP headers.""" self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict() if headers: for header in headers.items(): # Raise exception on invalid header value. check_header_validity(header) name, value = header self.headers[to_native_string(name)] = value def prepare_body(self, data, files, json=None): """Prepares the given HTTP body data.""" # Check if file, fo, generator, iterator. # If not, run through normal process. # Nottin' on you. body = None content_type = None if not data and json is not None: # urllib3 requires a bytes-like body. Python 2's json.dumps # provides this natively, but Python 3 gives a Unicode string. content_type = "application/json" try: body = complexjson.dumps(json, allow_nan=False) except ValueError as ve: raise InvalidJSONError(ve, request=self) if not isinstance(body, bytes): body = body.encode("utf-8") is_stream = all( [ hasattr(data, "__iter__"), not isinstance(data, (basestring, list, tuple, Mapping)), ] ) if is_stream: try: length = super_len(data) except (TypeError, AttributeError, UnsupportedOperation): length = None body = data if getattr(body, "tell", None) is not None: # Record the current file position before reading. # This will allow us to rewind a file in the event # of a redirect. try: self._body_position = body.tell() except OSError: # This differentiates from None, allowing us to catch # a failed `tell()` later when trying to rewind the body self._body_position = object() if files: raise NotImplementedError( "Streamed bodies and files are mutually exclusive." ) if length: self.headers["Content-Length"] = builtin_str(length) else: self.headers["Transfer-Encoding"] = "chunked" else: # Multi-part file uploads. if files: (body, content_type) = self._encode_files(files, data) else: if data: body = self._encode_params(data) if isinstance(data, basestring) or hasattr(data, "read"): content_type = None else: content_type = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" self.prepare_content_length(body) # Add content-type if it wasn't explicitly provided. if content_type and ("content-type" not in self.headers): self.headers["Content-Type"] = content_type self.body = body def prepare_content_length(self, body): """Prepare Content-Length header based on request method and body""" if body is not None: length = super_len(body) if length: # If length exists, set it. Otherwise, we fallback # to Transfer-Encoding: chunked. self.headers["Content-Length"] = builtin_str(length) elif ( self.method not in ("GET", "HEAD") and self.headers.get("Content-Length") is None ): # Set Content-Length to 0 for methods that can have a body # but don't provide one. (i.e. not GET or HEAD) self.headers["Content-Length"] = "0" def prepare_auth(self, auth, url=""): """Prepares the given HTTP auth data.""" # If no Auth is explicitly provided, extract it from the URL first. if auth is None: url_auth = get_auth_from_url(self.url) auth = url_auth if any(url_auth) else None if auth: if isinstance(auth, tuple) and len(auth) == 2: # special-case basic HTTP auth auth = HTTPBasicAuth(auth) # Allow auth to make its changes. r = auth(self) # Update self to reflect the auth changes. self.__dict__.update(r.__dict__) # Recompute Content-Length self.prepare_content_length(self.body) def prepare_cookies(self, cookies): """Prepares the given HTTP cookie data. This function eventually generates a ``Cookie`` header from the given cookies using cookielib. Due to cookielib's design, the header will not be regenerated if it already exists, meaning this function can only be called once for the life of the :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object. Any subsequent calls to ``prepare_cookies`` will have no actual effect, unless the "Cookie" header is removed beforehand. """ if isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar): self._cookies = cookies else: self._cookies = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies) cookie_header = get_cookie_header(self._cookies, self) if cookie_header is not None: self.headers["Cookie"] = cookie_header def prepare_hooks(self, hooks): """Prepares the given hooks.""" # hooks can be passed as None to the prepare method and to this # method. To prevent iterating over None, simply use an empty list # if hooks is False-y hooks = hooks or [] for event in hooks: self.register_hook(event, hooks[event]) class Response: """The :class:`Response <Response>` object, which contains a server's response to an HTTP request. """ __attrs__ = [ "_content", "status_code", "headers", "url", "history", "encoding", "reason", "cookies", "elapsed", "request", ] def __init__(self): self._content = False self._content_consumed = False self._next = None #: Integer Code of responded HTTP Status, e.g. 404 or 200. self.status_code = None #: Case-insensitive Dictionary of Response Headers. #: For example, ``headers['content-encoding']`` will return the #: value of a ``'Content-Encoding'`` response header. self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict() #: File-like object representation of response (for advanced usage). #: Use of ``raw`` requires that ``stream=True`` be set on the request. #: This requirement does not apply for use internally to Requests. self.raw = None #: Final URL location of Response. self.url = None #: Encoding to decode with when accessing r.text. self.encoding = None #: A list of :class:`Response <Response>` objects from #: the history of the Request. Any redirect responses will end #: up here. The list is sorted from the oldest to the most recent request. self.history = [] #: Textual reason of responded HTTP Status, e.g. "Not Found" or "OK". self.reason = None #: A CookieJar of Cookies the server sent back. self.cookies = cookiejar_from_dict({}) #: The amount of time elapsed between sending the request #: and the arrival of the response (as a timedelta). #: This property specifically measures the time taken between sending #: the first byte of the request and finishing parsing the headers. It #: is therefore unaffected by consuming the response content or the #: value of the ``stream`` keyword argument. self.elapsed = datetime.timedelta(0) #: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object to which this #: is a response. self.request = None def __enter__(self): return self def __exit__(self, args): self.close() def __getstate__(self): # Consume everything; accessing the content attribute makes # sure the content has been fully read. if not self._content_consumed: self.content return {attr: getattr(self, attr, None) for attr in self.__attrs__} def __setstate__(self, state): for name, value in state.items(): setattr(self, name, value) # pickled objects do not have .raw setattr(self, "_content_consumed", True) setattr(self, "raw", None) def __repr__(self): return f"<Response [{self.status_code}]>" def __bool__(self): """Returns True if :attr:`status_code` is less than 400. This attribute checks if the status code of the response is between 400 and 600 to see if there was a client error or a server error. If the status code, is between 200 and 400, this will return True. This is not* a check to see if the response code is ``200 OK``. """ return self.ok def __nonzero__(self): """Returns True if :attr:`status_code` is less than 400. This attribute checks if the status code of the response is between 400 and 600 to see if there was a client error or a server error. If the status code, is between 200 and 400, this will return True. This is not a check to see if the response code is ``200 OK``. """ return self.ok def __iter__(self): """Allows you to use a response as an iterator.""" return self.iter_content(128) @property def ok(self): """Returns True if :attr:`status_code` is less than 400, False if not. This attribute checks if the status code of the response is between 400 and 600 to see if there was a client error or a server error. If the status code is between 200 and 400, this will return True. This is not a check to see if the response code is ``200 OK``. """ try: self.raise_for_status() except HTTPError: return False return True @property def is_redirect(self): """True if this Response is a well-formed HTTP redirect that could have been processed automatically (by :meth:`Session.resolve_redirects`). """ return "location" in self.headers and self.status_code in REDIRECT_STATI @property def is_permanent_redirect(self): """True if this Response one of the permanent versions of redirect.""" return "location" in self.headers and self.status_code in ( codes.moved_permanently, codes.permanent_redirect, ) @property def next(self): """Returns a PreparedRequest for the next request in a redirect chain, if there is one.""" return self._next @property def apparent_encoding(self): """The apparent encoding, provided by the charset_normalizer or chardet libraries.""" return chardet.detect(self.content)["encoding"] def iter_content(self, chunk_size=1, decode_unicode=False): """Iterates over the response data. When stream=True is set on the request, this avoids reading the content at once into memory for large responses. The chunk size is the number of bytes it should read into memory. This is not necessarily the length of each item returned as decoding can take place. chunk_size must be of type int or None. A value of None will function differently depending on the value of `stream`. stream=True will read data as it arrives in whatever size the chunks are received. If stream=False, data is returned as a single chunk. If decode_unicode is True, content will be decoded using the best available encoding based on the response. """ def generate(): # Special case for urllib3. if hasattr(self.raw, "stream"): try: yield from self.raw.stream(chunk_size, decode_content=True) except ProtocolError as e: raise ChunkedEncodingError(e) except DecodeError as e: raise ContentDecodingError(e) except ReadTimeoutError as e: raise ConnectionError(e) except SSLError as e: raise RequestsSSLError(e) else: # Standard file-like object. while True: chunk = self.raw.read(chunk_size) if not chunk: break yield chunk self._content_consumed = True if self._content_consumed and isinstance(self._content, bool): raise StreamConsumedError() elif chunk_size is not None and not isinstance(chunk_size, int): raise TypeError( f"chunk_size must be an int, it is instead a {type(chunk_size)}." ) # simulate reading small chunks of the content reused_chunks = iter_slices(self._content, chunk_size) stream_chunks = generate() chunks = reused_chunks if self._content_consumed else stream_chunks if decode_unicode: chunks = stream_decode_response_unicode(chunks, self) return chunks def iter_lines( self, chunk_size=ITER_CHUNK_SIZE, decode_unicode=False, delimiter=None ): """Iterates over the response data, one line at a time. When stream=True is set on the request, this avoids reading the content at once into memory for large responses. .. note:: This method is not reentrant safe. """ pending = None for chunk in self.iter_content( chunk_size=chunk_size, decode_unicode=decode_unicode ): if pending is not None: chunk = pending + chunk if delimiter: lines = chunk.split(delimiter) else: lines = chunk.splitlines() if lines and lines[-1] and chunk and lines[-1][-1] == chunk[-1]: pending = lines.pop() else: pending = None yield from lines if pending is not None: yield pending @property def content(self): """Content of the response, in bytes.""" if self._content is False: # Read the contents. if self._content_consumed: raise RuntimeError("The content for this response was already consumed") if self.status_code == 0 or self.raw is None: self._content = None else: self._content = b"".join(self.iter_content(CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE)) or b"" self._content_consumed = True # don't need to release the connection; that's been handled by urllib3 # since we exhausted the data. return self._content @property def text(self): """Content of the response, in unicode. If Response.encoding is None, encoding will be guessed using ``charset_normalizer`` or ``chardet``. The encoding of the response content is determined based solely on HTTP headers, following RFC 2616 to the letter. If you can take advantage of non-HTTP knowledge to make a better guess at the encoding, you should set ``r.encoding`` appropriately before accessing this property. """ # Try charset from content-type content = None encoding = self.encoding if not self.content: return "" # Fallback to auto-detected encoding. if self.encoding is None: encoding = self.apparent_encoding # Decode unicode from given encoding. try: content = str(self.content, encoding, errors="replace") except (LookupError, TypeError): # A LookupError is raised if the encoding was not found which could # indicate a misspelling or similar mistake. # # A TypeError can be raised if encoding is None # # So we try blindly encoding. content = str(self.content, errors="replace") return content def json(self, *kwargs): r"""Returns the json-encoded content of a response, if any. :param \\kwargs: Optional arguments that ``json.loads`` takes. :raises requests.exceptions.JSONDecodeError: If the response body does not contain valid json. """ if not self.encoding and self.content and len(self.content) > 3: # No encoding set. JSON RFC 4627 section 3 states we should expect # UTF-8, -16 or -32. Detect which one to use; If the detection or # decoding fails, fall back to `self.text` (using charset_normalizer to make # a best guess). encoding = guess_json_utf(self.content) if encoding is not None: try: return complexjson.loads(self.content.decode(encoding), kwargs) except UnicodeDecodeError: # Wrong UTF codec detected; usually because it's not UTF-8 # but some other 8-bit codec. This is an RFC violation, # and the server didn't bother to tell us what codec was* # used. pass except JSONDecodeError as e: raise RequestsJSONDecodeError(e.msg, e.doc, e.pos) try: return complexjson.loads(self.text, *kwargs) except JSONDecodeError as e: # Catch JSON-related errors and raise as requests.JSONDecodeError # This aliases json.JSONDecodeError and simplejson.JSONDecodeError raise RequestsJSONDecodeError(e.msg, e.doc, e.pos) @property def links(self): """Returns the parsed header links of the response, if any.""" header = self.headers.get("link") resolved_links = {} if header: links = parse_header_links(header) for link in links: key = link.get("rel") or link.get("url") resolved_links[key] = link return resolved_links def raise_for_status(self): """Raises :class:`HTTPError`, if one occurred.""" http_error_msg = "" if isinstance(self.reason, bytes): # We attempt to decode utf-8 first because some servers # choose to localize their reason strings. If the string # isn't utf-8, we fall back to iso-8859-1 for all other # encodings. (See PR #3538) try: reason = self.reason.decode("utf-8") except UnicodeDecodeError: reason = self.reason.decode("iso-8859-1") else: reason = self.reason if 400 <= self.status_code < 500: http_error_msg = ( f"{self.status_code} Client Error: {reason} for url: {self.url}" ) elif 500 <= self.status_code < 600: http_error_msg = ( f"{self.status_code} Server Error: {reason} for url: {self.url}" ) if http_error_msg: raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self) def close(self): """Releases the connection back to the pool. Once this method has been called the underlying ``raw`` object must not be accessed again. Note: Should not normally need to be called explicitly.* """ if not self._content_consumed: self.raw.close() release_conn = getattr(self.raw, "release_conn", None) if release_conn is not None: release_conn()	34.4 KB	2026-01-20 12:58
📄 packages.py import sys try: import chardet except ImportError: import warnings import charset_normalizer as chardet warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "Trying to detect", module="charset_normalizer") # This code exists for backwards compatibility reasons. # I don't like it either. Just look the other way. :) for package in ("urllib3", "idna"): locals()[package] = __import__(package) # This traversal is apparently necessary such that the identities are # preserved (requests.packages.urllib3.* is urllib3.*) for mod in list(sys.modules): if mod == package or mod.startswith(f"{package}."): sys.modules[f"requests.packages.{mod}"] = sys.modules[mod] target = chardet.__name__ for mod in list(sys.modules): if mod == target or mod.startswith(f"{target}."): target = target.replace(target, "chardet") sys.modules[f"requests.packages.{target}"] = sys.modules[mod] # Kinda cool, though, right?	957 B	2026-01-20 12:58
📄 sessions.py """ requests.sessions ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This module provides a Session object to manage and persist settings across requests (cookies, auth, proxies). """ import os import sys import time from collections import OrderedDict from datetime import timedelta from ._internal_utils import to_native_string from .adapters import HTTPAdapter from .auth import _basic_auth_str from .compat import Mapping, cookielib, urljoin, urlparse from .cookies import ( RequestsCookieJar, cookiejar_from_dict, extract_cookies_to_jar, merge_cookies, ) from .exceptions import ( ChunkedEncodingError, ContentDecodingError, InvalidSchema, TooManyRedirects, ) from .hooks import default_hooks, dispatch_hook # formerly defined here, reexposed here for backward compatibility from .models import ( # noqa: F401 DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT, REDIRECT_STATI, PreparedRequest, Request, ) from .status_codes import codes from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict from .utils import ( # noqa: F401 DEFAULT_PORTS, default_headers, get_auth_from_url, get_environ_proxies, get_netrc_auth, requote_uri, resolve_proxies, rewind_body, should_bypass_proxies, to_key_val_list, ) # Preferred clock, based on which one is more accurate on a given system. if sys.platform == "win32": preferred_clock = time.perf_counter else: preferred_clock = time.time def merge_setting(request_setting, session_setting, dict_class=OrderedDict): """Determines appropriate setting for a given request, taking into account the explicit setting on that request, and the setting in the session. If a setting is a dictionary, they will be merged together using `dict_class` """ if session_setting is None: return request_setting if request_setting is None: return session_setting # Bypass if not a dictionary (e.g. verify) if not ( isinstance(session_setting, Mapping) and isinstance(request_setting, Mapping) ): return request_setting merged_setting = dict_class(to_key_val_list(session_setting)) merged_setting.update(to_key_val_list(request_setting)) # Remove keys that are set to None. Extract keys first to avoid altering # the dictionary during iteration. none_keys = [k for (k, v) in merged_setting.items() if v is None] for key in none_keys: del merged_setting[key] return merged_setting def merge_hooks(request_hooks, session_hooks, dict_class=OrderedDict): """Properly merges both requests and session hooks. This is necessary because when request_hooks == {'response': []}, the merge breaks Session hooks entirely. """ if session_hooks is None or session_hooks.get("response") == []: return request_hooks if request_hooks is None or request_hooks.get("response") == []: return session_hooks return merge_setting(request_hooks, session_hooks, dict_class) class SessionRedirectMixin: def get_redirect_target(self, resp): """Receives a Response. Returns a redirect URI or ``None``""" # Due to the nature of how requests processes redirects this method will # be called at least once upon the original response and at least twice # on each subsequent redirect response (if any). # If a custom mixin is used to handle this logic, it may be advantageous # to cache the redirect location onto the response object as a private # attribute. if resp.is_redirect: location = resp.headers["location"] # Currently the underlying http module on py3 decode headers # in latin1, but empirical evidence suggests that latin1 is very # rarely used with non-ASCII characters in HTTP headers. # It is more likely to get UTF8 header rather than latin1. # This causes incorrect handling of UTF8 encoded location headers. # To solve this, we re-encode the location in latin1. location = location.encode("latin1") return to_native_string(location, "utf8") return None def should_strip_auth(self, old_url, new_url): """Decide whether Authorization header should be removed when redirecting""" old_parsed = urlparse(old_url) new_parsed = urlparse(new_url) if old_parsed.hostname != new_parsed.hostname: return True # Special case: allow http -> https redirect when using the standard # ports. This isn't specified by RFC 7235, but is kept to avoid # breaking backwards compatibility with older versions of requests # that allowed any redirects on the same host. if ( old_parsed.scheme == "http" and old_parsed.port in (80, None) and new_parsed.scheme == "https" and new_parsed.port in (443, None) ): return False # Handle default port usage corresponding to scheme. changed_port = old_parsed.port != new_parsed.port changed_scheme = old_parsed.scheme != new_parsed.scheme default_port = (DEFAULT_PORTS.get(old_parsed.scheme, None), None) if ( not changed_scheme and old_parsed.port in default_port and new_parsed.port in default_port ): return False # Standard case: root URI must match return changed_port or changed_scheme def resolve_redirects( self, resp, req, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None, yield_requests=False, adapter_kwargs, ): """Receives a Response. Returns a generator of Responses or Requests.""" hist = [] # keep track of history url = self.get_redirect_target(resp) previous_fragment = urlparse(req.url).fragment while url: prepared_request = req.copy() # Update history and keep track of redirects. # resp.history must ignore the original request in this loop hist.append(resp) resp.history = hist[1:] try: resp.content # Consume socket so it can be released except (ChunkedEncodingError, ContentDecodingError, RuntimeError): resp.raw.read(decode_content=False) if len(resp.history) >= self.max_redirects: raise TooManyRedirects( f"Exceeded {self.max_redirects} redirects.", response=resp ) # Release the connection back into the pool. resp.close() # Handle redirection without scheme (see: RFC 1808 Section 4) if url.startswith("//"): parsed_rurl = urlparse(resp.url) url = ":".join([to_native_string(parsed_rurl.scheme), url]) # Normalize url case and attach previous fragment if needed (RFC 7231 7.1.2) parsed = urlparse(url) if parsed.fragment == "" and previous_fragment: parsed = parsed._replace(fragment=previous_fragment) elif parsed.fragment: previous_fragment = parsed.fragment url = parsed.geturl() # Facilitate relative 'location' headers, as allowed by RFC 7231. # (e.g. '/path/to/resource' instead of 'http://domain.tld/path/to/resource') # Compliant with RFC3986, we percent encode the url. if not parsed.netloc: url = urljoin(resp.url, requote_uri(url)) else: url = requote_uri(url) prepared_request.url = to_native_string(url) self.rebuild_method(prepared_request, resp) # https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/1084 if resp.status_code not in ( codes.temporary_redirect, codes.permanent_redirect, ): # https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/3490 purged_headers = ("Content-Length", "Content-Type", "Transfer-Encoding") for header in purged_headers: prepared_request.headers.pop(header, None) prepared_request.body = None headers = prepared_request.headers headers.pop("Cookie", None) # Extract any cookies sent on the response to the cookiejar # in the new request. Because we've mutated our copied prepared # request, use the old one that we haven't yet touched. extract_cookies_to_jar(prepared_request._cookies, req, resp.raw) merge_cookies(prepared_request._cookies, self.cookies) prepared_request.prepare_cookies(prepared_request._cookies) # Rebuild auth and proxy information. proxies = self.rebuild_proxies(prepared_request, proxies) self.rebuild_auth(prepared_request, resp) # A failed tell() sets `_body_position` to `object()`. This non-None # value ensures `rewindable` will be True, allowing us to raise an # UnrewindableBodyError, instead of hanging the connection. rewindable = prepared_request._body_position is not None and ( "Content-Length" in headers or "Transfer-Encoding" in headers ) # Attempt to rewind consumed file-like object. if rewindable: rewind_body(prepared_request) # Override the original request. req = prepared_request if yield_requests: yield req else: resp = self.send( req, stream=stream, timeout=timeout, verify=verify, cert=cert, proxies=proxies, allow_redirects=False, adapter_kwargs, ) extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, prepared_request, resp.raw) # extract redirect url, if any, for the next loop url = self.get_redirect_target(resp) yield resp def rebuild_auth(self, prepared_request, response): """When being redirected we may want to strip authentication from the request to avoid leaking credentials. This method intelligently removes and reapplies authentication where possible to avoid credential loss. """ headers = prepared_request.headers url = prepared_request.url if "Authorization" in headers and self.should_strip_auth( response.request.url, url ): # If we get redirected to a new host, we should strip out any # authentication headers. del headers["Authorization"] # .netrc might have more auth for us on our new host. new_auth = get_netrc_auth(url) if self.trust_env else None if new_auth is not None: prepared_request.prepare_auth(new_auth) def rebuild_proxies(self, prepared_request, proxies): """This method re-evaluates the proxy configuration by considering the environment variables. If we are redirected to a URL covered by NO_PROXY, we strip the proxy configuration. Otherwise, we set missing proxy keys for this URL (in case they were stripped by a previous redirect). This method also replaces the Proxy-Authorization header where necessary. :rtype: dict """ headers = prepared_request.headers scheme = urlparse(prepared_request.url).scheme new_proxies = resolve_proxies(prepared_request, proxies, self.trust_env) if "Proxy-Authorization" in headers: del headers["Proxy-Authorization"] try: username, password = get_auth_from_url(new_proxies[scheme]) except KeyError: username, password = None, None # urllib3 handles proxy authorization for us in the standard adapter. # Avoid appending this to TLS tunneled requests where it may be leaked. if not scheme.startswith('https') and username and password: headers["Proxy-Authorization"] = _basic_auth_str(username, password) return new_proxies def rebuild_method(self, prepared_request, response): """When being redirected we may want to change the method of the request based on certain specs or browser behavior. """ method = prepared_request.method # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6.4.4 if response.status_code == codes.see_other and method != "HEAD": method = "GET" # Do what the browsers do, despite standards... # First, turn 302s into GETs. if response.status_code == codes.found and method != "HEAD": method = "GET" # Second, if a POST is responded to with a 301, turn it into a GET. # This bizarre behaviour is explained in Issue 1704. if response.status_code == codes.moved and method == "POST": method = "GET" prepared_request.method = method class Session(SessionRedirectMixin): """A Requests session. Provides cookie persistence, connection-pooling, and configuration. Basic Usage:: >>> import requests >>> s = requests.Session() >>> s.get('https://httpbin.org/get') <Response [200]> Or as a context manager:: >>> with requests.Session() as s: ... s.get('https://httpbin.org/get') <Response [200]> """ __attrs__ = [ "headers", "cookies", "auth", "proxies", "hooks", "params", "verify", "cert", "adapters", "stream", "trust_env", "max_redirects", ] def __init__(self): #: A case-insensitive dictionary of headers to be sent on each #: :class:`Request <Request>` sent from this #: :class:`Session <Session>`. self.headers = default_headers() #: Default Authentication tuple or object to attach to #: :class:`Request <Request>`. self.auth = None #: Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and host to the URL of the proxy #: (e.g. {'http': 'foo.bar:3128', 'http://host.name': 'foo.bar:4012'}) to #: be used on each :class:`Request <Request>`. self.proxies = {} #: Event-handling hooks. self.hooks = default_hooks() #: Dictionary of querystring data to attach to each #: :class:`Request <Request>`. The dictionary values may be lists for #: representing multivalued query parameters. self.params = {} #: Stream response content default. self.stream = False #: SSL Verification default. #: Defaults to `True`, requiring requests to verify the TLS certificate at the #: remote end. #: If verify is set to `False`, requests will accept any TLS certificate #: presented by the server, and will ignore hostname mismatches and/or #: expired certificates, which will make your application vulnerable to #: man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. #: Only set this to `False` for testing. self.verify = True #: SSL client certificate default, if String, path to ssl client #: cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair. self.cert = None #: Maximum number of redirects allowed. If the request exceeds this #: limit, a :class:`TooManyRedirects` exception is raised. #: This defaults to requests.models.DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT, which is #: 30. self.max_redirects = DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT #: Trust environment settings for proxy configuration, default #: authentication and similar. self.trust_env = True #: A CookieJar containing all currently outstanding cookies set on this #: session. By default it is a #: :class:`RequestsCookieJar <requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar>`, but #: may be any other ``cookielib.CookieJar`` compatible object. self.cookies = cookiejar_from_dict({}) # Default connection adapters. self.adapters = OrderedDict() self.mount("https://", HTTPAdapter()) self.mount("http://", HTTPAdapter()) def __enter__(self): return self def __exit__(self, args): self.close() def prepare_request(self, request): """Constructs a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` for transmission and returns it. The :class:`PreparedRequest` has settings merged from the :class:`Request <Request>` instance and those of the :class:`Session`. :param request: :class:`Request` instance to prepare with this session's settings. :rtype: requests.PreparedRequest """ cookies = request.cookies or {} # Bootstrap CookieJar. if not isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar): cookies = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies) # Merge with session cookies merged_cookies = merge_cookies( merge_cookies(RequestsCookieJar(), self.cookies), cookies ) # Set environment's basic authentication if not explicitly set. auth = request.auth if self.trust_env and not auth and not self.auth: auth = get_netrc_auth(request.url) p = PreparedRequest() p.prepare( method=request.method.upper(), url=request.url, files=request.files, data=request.data, json=request.json, headers=merge_setting( request.headers, self.headers, dict_class=CaseInsensitiveDict ), params=merge_setting(request.params, self.params), auth=merge_setting(auth, self.auth), cookies=merged_cookies, hooks=merge_hooks(request.hooks, self.hooks), ) return p def request( self, method, url, params=None, data=None, headers=None, cookies=None, files=None, auth=None, timeout=None, allow_redirects=True, proxies=None, hooks=None, stream=None, verify=None, cert=None, json=None, ): """Constructs a :class:`Request <Request>`, prepares it and sends it. Returns :class:`Response <Response>` object. :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`. :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`. :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`. :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'filename': file-like-objects`` for multipart encoding upload. :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth. :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple. :type timeout: float or tuple :param allow_redirects: (optional) Set to True by default. :type allow_redirects: bool :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and hostname to the URL of the proxy. :param stream: (optional) whether to immediately download the response content. Defaults to ``False``. :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to ``True``. When set to ``False``, requests will accept any TLS certificate presented by the server, and will ignore hostname mismatches and/or expired certificates, which will make your application vulnerable to man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. Setting verify to ``False`` may be useful during local development or testing. :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair. :rtype: requests.Response """ # Create the Request. req = Request( method=method.upper(), url=url, headers=headers, files=files, data=data or {}, json=json, params=params or {}, auth=auth, cookies=cookies, hooks=hooks, ) prep = self.prepare_request(req) proxies = proxies or {} settings = self.merge_environment_settings( prep.url, proxies, stream, verify, cert ) # Send the request. send_kwargs = { "timeout": timeout, "allow_redirects": allow_redirects, } send_kwargs.update(settings) resp = self.send(prep, send_kwargs) return resp def get(self, url, kwargs): r"""Sends a GET request. Returns :class:`Response` object. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param \\kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. :rtype: requests.Response """ kwargs.setdefault("allow_redirects", True) return self.request("GET", url, kwargs) def options(self, url, kwargs): r"""Sends a OPTIONS request. Returns :class:`Response` object. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param \\kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. :rtype: requests.Response """ kwargs.setdefault("allow_redirects", True) return self.request("OPTIONS", url, kwargs) def head(self, url, kwargs): r"""Sends a HEAD request. Returns :class:`Response` object. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param \\kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. :rtype: requests.Response """ kwargs.setdefault("allow_redirects", False) return self.request("HEAD", url, kwargs) def post(self, url, data=None, json=None, kwargs): r"""Sends a POST request. Returns :class:`Response` object. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param \\kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. :rtype: requests.Response """ return self.request("POST", url, data=data, json=json, kwargs) def put(self, url, data=None, kwargs): r"""Sends a PUT request. Returns :class:`Response` object. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param \\kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. :rtype: requests.Response """ return self.request("PUT", url, data=data, kwargs) def patch(self, url, data=None, kwargs): r"""Sends a PATCH request. Returns :class:`Response` object. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param \\kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. :rtype: requests.Response """ return self.request("PATCH", url, data=data, kwargs) def delete(self, url, kwargs): r"""Sends a DELETE request. Returns :class:`Response` object. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param \\kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. :rtype: requests.Response """ return self.request("DELETE", url, kwargs) def send(self, request, kwargs): """Send a given PreparedRequest. :rtype: requests.Response """ # Set defaults that the hooks can utilize to ensure they always have # the correct parameters to reproduce the previous request. kwargs.setdefault("stream", self.stream) kwargs.setdefault("verify", self.verify) kwargs.setdefault("cert", self.cert) if "proxies" not in kwargs: kwargs["proxies"] = resolve_proxies(request, self.proxies, self.trust_env) # It's possible that users might accidentally send a Request object. # Guard against that specific failure case. if isinstance(request, Request): raise ValueError("You can only send PreparedRequests.") # Set up variables needed for resolve_redirects and dispatching of hooks allow_redirects = kwargs.pop("allow_redirects", True) stream = kwargs.get("stream") hooks = request.hooks # Get the appropriate adapter to use adapter = self.get_adapter(url=request.url) # Start time (approximately) of the request start = preferred_clock() # Send the request r = adapter.send(request, kwargs) # Total elapsed time of the request (approximately) elapsed = preferred_clock() - start r.elapsed = timedelta(seconds=elapsed) # Response manipulation hooks r = dispatch_hook("response", hooks, r, kwargs) # Persist cookies if r.history: # If the hooks create history then we want those cookies too for resp in r.history: extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, resp.request, resp.raw) extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, request, r.raw) # Resolve redirects if allowed. if allow_redirects: # Redirect resolving generator. gen = self.resolve_redirects(r, request, kwargs) history = [resp for resp in gen] else: history = [] # Shuffle things around if there's history. if history: # Insert the first (original) request at the start history.insert(0, r) # Get the last request made r = history.pop() r.history = history # If redirects aren't being followed, store the response on the Request for Response.next(). if not allow_redirects: try: r._next = next( self.resolve_redirects(r, request, yield_requests=True, *kwargs) ) except StopIteration: pass if not stream: r.content return r def merge_environment_settings(self, url, proxies, stream, verify, cert): """ Check the environment and merge it with some settings. :rtype: dict """ # Gather clues from the surrounding environment. if self.trust_env: # Set environment's proxies. no_proxy = proxies.get("no_proxy") if proxies is not None else None env_proxies = get_environ_proxies(url, no_proxy=no_proxy) for (k, v) in env_proxies.items(): proxies.setdefault(k, v) # Look for requests environment configuration # and be compatible with cURL. if verify is True or verify is None: verify = ( os.environ.get("REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE") or os.environ.get("CURL_CA_BUNDLE") or verify ) # Merge all the kwargs. proxies = merge_setting(proxies, self.proxies) stream = merge_setting(stream, self.stream) verify = merge_setting(verify, self.verify) cert = merge_setting(cert, self.cert) return {"proxies": proxies, "stream": stream, "verify": verify, "cert": cert} def get_adapter(self, url): """ Returns the appropriate connection adapter for the given URL. :rtype: requests.adapters.BaseAdapter """ for (prefix, adapter) in self.adapters.items(): if url.lower().startswith(prefix.lower()): return adapter # Nothing matches :-/ raise InvalidSchema(f"No connection adapters were found for {url!r}") def close(self): """Closes all adapters and as such the session""" for v in self.adapters.values(): v.close() def mount(self, prefix, adapter): """Registers a connection adapter to a prefix. Adapters are sorted in descending order by prefix length. """ self.adapters[prefix] = adapter keys_to_move = [k for k in self.adapters if len(k) < len(prefix)] for key in keys_to_move: self.adapters[key] = self.adapters.pop(key) def __getstate__(self): state = {attr: getattr(self, attr, None) for attr in self.__attrs__} return state def __setstate__(self, state): for attr, value in state.items(): setattr(self, attr, value) def session(): """ Returns a :class:`Session` for context-management. .. deprecated:: 1.0.0 This method has been deprecated since version 1.0.0 and is only kept for backwards compatibility. New code should use :class:`~requests.sessions.Session` to create a session. This may be removed at a future date. :rtype: Session """ return Session()	29.66 KB	2026-01-20 12:58
📄 status_codes.py r""" The ``codes`` object defines a mapping from common names for HTTP statuses to their numerical codes, accessible either as attributes or as dictionary items. Example:: >>> import requests >>> requests.codes['temporary_redirect'] 307 >>> requests.codes.teapot 418 >>> requests.codes['\o/'] 200 Some codes have multiple names, and both upper- and lower-case versions of the names are allowed. For example, ``codes.ok``, ``codes.OK``, and ``codes.okay`` all correspond to the HTTP status code 200. """ from .structures import LookupDict _codes = { # Informational. 100: ("continue",), 101: ("switching_protocols",), 102: ("processing",), 103: ("checkpoint",), 122: ("uri_too_long", "request_uri_too_long"), 200: ("ok", "okay", "all_ok", "all_okay", "all_good", "\\o/", "✓"), 201: ("created",), 202: ("accepted",), 203: ("non_authoritative_info", "non_authoritative_information"), 204: ("no_content",), 205: ("reset_content", "reset"), 206: ("partial_content", "partial"), 207: ("multi_status", "multiple_status", "multi_stati", "multiple_stati"), 208: ("already_reported",), 226: ("im_used",), # Redirection. 300: ("multiple_choices",), 301: ("moved_permanently", "moved", "\\o-"), 302: ("found",), 303: ("see_other", "other"), 304: ("not_modified",), 305: ("use_proxy",), 306: ("switch_proxy",), 307: ("temporary_redirect", "temporary_moved", "temporary"), 308: ( "permanent_redirect", "resume_incomplete", "resume", ), # "resume" and "resume_incomplete" to be removed in 3.0 # Client Error. 400: ("bad_request", "bad"), 401: ("unauthorized",), 402: ("payment_required", "payment"), 403: ("forbidden",), 404: ("not_found", "-o-"), 405: ("method_not_allowed", "not_allowed"), 406: ("not_acceptable",), 407: ("proxy_authentication_required", "proxy_auth", "proxy_authentication"), 408: ("request_timeout", "timeout"), 409: ("conflict",), 410: ("gone",), 411: ("length_required",), 412: ("precondition_failed", "precondition"), 413: ("request_entity_too_large",), 414: ("request_uri_too_large",), 415: ("unsupported_media_type", "unsupported_media", "media_type"), 416: ( "requested_range_not_satisfiable", "requested_range", "range_not_satisfiable", ), 417: ("expectation_failed",), 418: ("im_a_teapot", "teapot", "i_am_a_teapot"), 421: ("misdirected_request",), 422: ("unprocessable_entity", "unprocessable"), 423: ("locked",), 424: ("failed_dependency", "dependency"), 425: ("unordered_collection", "unordered"), 426: ("upgrade_required", "upgrade"), 428: ("precondition_required", "precondition"), 429: ("too_many_requests", "too_many"), 431: ("header_fields_too_large", "fields_too_large"), 444: ("no_response", "none"), 449: ("retry_with", "retry"), 450: ("blocked_by_windows_parental_controls", "parental_controls"), 451: ("unavailable_for_legal_reasons", "legal_reasons"), 499: ("client_closed_request",), # Server Error. 500: ("internal_server_error", "server_error", "/o\\", "✗"), 501: ("not_implemented",), 502: ("bad_gateway",), 503: ("service_unavailable", "unavailable"), 504: ("gateway_timeout",), 505: ("http_version_not_supported", "http_version"), 506: ("variant_also_negotiates",), 507: ("insufficient_storage",), 509: ("bandwidth_limit_exceeded", "bandwidth"), 510: ("not_extended",), 511: ("network_authentication_required", "network_auth", "network_authentication"), } codes = LookupDict(name="status_codes") def _init(): for code, titles in _codes.items(): for title in titles: setattr(codes, title, code) if not title.startswith(("\\", "/")): setattr(codes, title.upper(), code) def doc(code): names = ", ".join(f"``{n}``" for n in _codes[code]) return "* %d: %s" % (code, names) global __doc__ __doc__ = ( __doc__ + "\n" + "\n".join(doc(code) for code in sorted(_codes)) if __doc__ is not None else None ) _init()	4.14 KB	2026-01-20 12:58
📄 structures.py """ requests.structures ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Data structures that power Requests. """ from collections import OrderedDict from .compat import Mapping, MutableMapping class CaseInsensitiveDict(MutableMapping): """A case-insensitive ``dict``-like object. Implements all methods and operations of ``MutableMapping`` as well as dict's ``copy``. Also provides ``lower_items``. All keys are expected to be strings. The structure remembers the case of the last key to be set, and ``iter(instance)``, ``keys()``, ``items()``, ``iterkeys()``, and ``iteritems()`` will contain case-sensitive keys. However, querying and contains testing is case insensitive:: cid = CaseInsensitiveDict() cid['Accept'] = 'application/json' cid['aCCEPT'] == 'application/json' # True list(cid) == ['Accept'] # True For example, ``headers['content-encoding']`` will return the value of a ``'Content-Encoding'`` response header, regardless of how the header name was originally stored. If the constructor, ``.update``, or equality comparison operations are given keys that have equal ``.lower()``s, the behavior is undefined. """ def __init__(self, data=None, kwargs): self._store = OrderedDict() if data is None: data = {} self.update(data, kwargs) def __setitem__(self, key, value): # Use the lowercased key for lookups, but store the actual # key alongside the value. self._store[key.lower()] = (key, value) def __getitem__(self, key): return self._store[key.lower()][1] def __delitem__(self, key): del self._store[key.lower()] def __iter__(self): return (casedkey for casedkey, mappedvalue in self._store.values()) def __len__(self): return len(self._store) def lower_items(self): """Like iteritems(), but with all lowercase keys.""" return ((lowerkey, keyval[1]) for (lowerkey, keyval) in self._store.items()) def __eq__(self, other): if isinstance(other, Mapping): other = CaseInsensitiveDict(other) else: return NotImplemented # Compare insensitively return dict(self.lower_items()) == dict(other.lower_items()) # Copy is required def copy(self): return CaseInsensitiveDict(self._store.values()) def __repr__(self): return str(dict(self.items())) class LookupDict(dict): """Dictionary lookup object.""" def __init__(self, name=None): self.name = name super().__init__() def __repr__(self): return f"<lookup '{self.name}'>" def __getitem__(self, key): # We allow fall-through here, so values default to None return self.__dict__.get(key, None) def get(self, key, default=None): return self.__dict__.get(key, default)	2.84 KB	2026-01-20 12:58
📄 utils.py """ requests.utils ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This module provides utility functions that are used within Requests that are also useful for external consumption. """ import codecs import contextlib import io import os import re import socket import struct import sys import tempfile import warnings import zipfile from collections import OrderedDict from urllib3.util import make_headers, parse_url from . import certs from .__version__ import __version__ # to_native_string is unused here, but imported here for backwards compatibility from ._internal_utils import ( # noqa: F401 _HEADER_VALIDATORS_BYTE, _HEADER_VALIDATORS_STR, HEADER_VALIDATORS, to_native_string, ) from .compat import ( Mapping, basestring, bytes, getproxies, getproxies_environment, integer_types, ) from .compat import parse_http_list as _parse_list_header from .compat import ( proxy_bypass, proxy_bypass_environment, quote, str, unquote, urlparse, urlunparse, ) from .cookies import cookiejar_from_dict from .exceptions import ( FileModeWarning, InvalidHeader, InvalidURL, UnrewindableBodyError, ) from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict NETRC_FILES = (".netrc", "_netrc") DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH = certs.where() DEFAULT_PORTS = {"http": 80, "https": 443} # Ensure that ', ' is used to preserve previous delimiter behavior. DEFAULT_ACCEPT_ENCODING = ", ".join( re.split(r",\s", make_headers(accept_encoding=True)["accept-encoding"]) ) if sys.platform == "win32": # provide a proxy_bypass version on Windows without DNS lookups def proxy_bypass_registry(host): try: import winreg except ImportError: return False try: internetSettings = winreg.OpenKey( winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER, r"Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings", ) # ProxyEnable could be REG_SZ or REG_DWORD, normalizing it proxyEnable = int(winreg.QueryValueEx(internetSettings, "ProxyEnable")[0]) # ProxyOverride is almost always a string proxyOverride = winreg.QueryValueEx(internetSettings, "ProxyOverride")[0] except (OSError, ValueError): return False if not proxyEnable or not proxyOverride: return False # make a check value list from the registry entry: replace the # '<local>' string by the localhost entry and the corresponding # canonical entry. proxyOverride = proxyOverride.split(";") # now check if we match one of the registry values. for test in proxyOverride: if test == "<local>": if "." not in host: return True test = test.replace(".", r"\.") # mask dots test = test.replace("", r".") # change glob sequence test = test.replace("?", r".") # change glob char if re.match(test, host, re.I): return True return False def proxy_bypass(host): # noqa """Return True, if the host should be bypassed. Checks proxy settings gathered from the environment, if specified, or the registry. """ if getproxies_environment(): return proxy_bypass_environment(host) else: return proxy_bypass_registry(host) def dict_to_sequence(d): """Returns an internal sequence dictionary update.""" if hasattr(d, "items"): d = d.items() return d def super_len(o): total_length = None current_position = 0 if hasattr(o, "__len__"): total_length = len(o) elif hasattr(o, "len"): total_length = o.len elif hasattr(o, "fileno"): try: fileno = o.fileno() except (io.UnsupportedOperation, AttributeError): # AttributeError is a surprising exception, seeing as how we've just checked # that `hasattr(o, 'fileno')`. It happens for objects obtained via # `Tarfile.extractfile()`, per issue 5229. pass else: total_length = os.fstat(fileno).st_size # Having used fstat to determine the file length, we need to # confirm that this file was opened up in binary mode. if "b" not in o.mode: warnings.warn( ( "Requests has determined the content-length for this " "request using the binary size of the file: however, the " "file has been opened in text mode (i.e. without the 'b' " "flag in the mode). This may lead to an incorrect " "content-length. In Requests 3.0, support will be removed " "for files in text mode." ), FileModeWarning, ) if hasattr(o, "tell"): try: current_position = o.tell() except OSError: # This can happen in some weird situations, such as when the file # is actually a special file descriptor like stdin. In this # instance, we don't know what the length is, so set it to zero and # let requests chunk it instead. if total_length is not None: current_position = total_length else: if hasattr(o, "seek") and total_length is None: # StringIO and BytesIO have seek but no usable fileno try: # seek to end of file o.seek(0, 2) total_length = o.tell() # seek back to current position to support # partially read file-like objects o.seek(current_position or 0) except OSError: total_length = 0 if total_length is None: total_length = 0 return max(0, total_length - current_position) def get_netrc_auth(url, raise_errors=False): """Returns the Requests tuple auth for a given url from netrc.""" netrc_file = os.environ.get("NETRC") if netrc_file is not None: netrc_locations = (netrc_file,) else: netrc_locations = (f"~/{f}" for f in NETRC_FILES) try: from netrc import NetrcParseError, netrc netrc_path = None for f in netrc_locations: try: loc = os.path.expanduser(f) except KeyError: # os.path.expanduser can fail when $HOME is undefined and # getpwuid fails. See https://bugs.python.org/issue20164 & # https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/1846 return if os.path.exists(loc): netrc_path = loc break # Abort early if there isn't one. if netrc_path is None: return ri = urlparse(url) # Strip port numbers from netloc. This weird `if...encode`` dance is # used for Python 3.2, which doesn't support unicode literals. splitstr = b":" if isinstance(url, str): splitstr = splitstr.decode("ascii") host = ri.netloc.split(splitstr)[0] try: _netrc = netrc(netrc_path).authenticators(host) if _netrc: # Return with login / password login_i = 0 if _netrc[0] else 1 return (_netrc[login_i], _netrc[2]) except (NetrcParseError, OSError): # If there was a parsing error or a permissions issue reading the file, # we'll just skip netrc auth unless explicitly asked to raise errors. if raise_errors: raise # App Engine hackiness. except (ImportError, AttributeError): pass def guess_filename(obj): """Tries to guess the filename of the given object.""" name = getattr(obj, "name", None) if name and isinstance(name, basestring) and name[0] != "<" and name[-1] != ">": return os.path.basename(name) def extract_zipped_paths(path): """Replace nonexistent paths that look like they refer to a member of a zip archive with the location of an extracted copy of the target, or else just return the provided path unchanged. """ if os.path.exists(path): # this is already a valid path, no need to do anything further return path # find the first valid part of the provided path and treat that as a zip archive # assume the rest of the path is the name of a member in the archive archive, member = os.path.split(path) while archive and not os.path.exists(archive): archive, prefix = os.path.split(archive) if not prefix: # If we don't check for an empty prefix after the split (in other words, archive remains unchanged after the split), # we _can_ end up in an infinite loop on a rare corner case affecting a small number of users break member = "/".join([prefix, member]) if not zipfile.is_zipfile(archive): return path zip_file = zipfile.ZipFile(archive) if member not in zip_file.namelist(): return path # we have a valid zip archive and a valid member of that archive tmp = tempfile.gettempdir() extracted_path = os.path.join(tmp, member.split("/")[-1]) if not os.path.exists(extracted_path): # use read + write to avoid the creating nested folders, we only want the file, avoids mkdir racing condition with atomic_open(extracted_path) as file_handler: file_handler.write(zip_file.read(member)) return extracted_path @contextlib.contextmanager def atomic_open(filename): """Write a file to the disk in an atomic fashion""" tmp_descriptor, tmp_name = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=os.path.dirname(filename)) try: with os.fdopen(tmp_descriptor, "wb") as tmp_handler: yield tmp_handler os.replace(tmp_name, filename) except BaseException: os.remove(tmp_name) raise def from_key_val_list(value): """Take an object and test to see if it can be represented as a dictionary. Unless it can not be represented as such, return an OrderedDict, e.g., :: >>> from_key_val_list([('key', 'val')]) OrderedDict([('key', 'val')]) >>> from_key_val_list('string') Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError: cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples >>> from_key_val_list({'key': 'val'}) OrderedDict([('key', 'val')]) :rtype: OrderedDict """ if value is None: return None if isinstance(value, (str, bytes, bool, int)): raise ValueError("cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples") return OrderedDict(value) def to_key_val_list(value): """Take an object and test to see if it can be represented as a dictionary. If it can be, return a list of tuples, e.g., :: >>> to_key_val_list([('key', 'val')]) [('key', 'val')] >>> to_key_val_list({'key': 'val'}) [('key', 'val')] >>> to_key_val_list('string') Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError: cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples :rtype: list """ if value is None: return None if isinstance(value, (str, bytes, bool, int)): raise ValueError("cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples") if isinstance(value, Mapping): value = value.items() return list(value) # From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission). def parse_list_header(value): """Parse lists as described by RFC 2068 Section 2. In particular, parse comma-separated lists where the elements of the list may include quoted-strings. A quoted-string could contain a comma. A non-quoted string could have quotes in the middle. Quotes are removed automatically after parsing. It basically works like :func:`parse_set_header` just that items may appear multiple times and case sensitivity is preserved. The return value is a standard :class:`list`: >>> parse_list_header('token, "quoted value"') ['token', 'quoted value'] To create a header from the :class:`list` again, use the :func:`dump_header` function. :param value: a string with a list header. :return: :class:`list` :rtype: list """ result = [] for item in _parse_list_header(value): if item[:1] == item[-1:] == '"': item = unquote_header_value(item[1:-1]) result.append(item) return result # From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission). def parse_dict_header(value): """Parse lists of key, value pairs as described by RFC 2068 Section 2 and convert them into a python dict: >>> d = parse_dict_header('foo="is a fish", bar="as well"') >>> type(d) is dict True >>> sorted(d.items()) [('bar', 'as well'), ('foo', 'is a fish')] If there is no value for a key it will be `None`: >>> parse_dict_header('key_without_value') {'key_without_value': None} To create a header from the :class:`dict` again, use the :func:`dump_header` function. :param value: a string with a dict header. :return: :class:`dict` :rtype: dict """ result = {} for item in _parse_list_header(value): if "=" not in item: result[item] = None continue name, value = item.split("=", 1) if value[:1] == value[-1:] == '"': value = unquote_header_value(value[1:-1]) result[name] = value return result # From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission). def unquote_header_value(value, is_filename=False): r"""Unquotes a header value. (Reversal of :func:`quote_header_value`). This does not use the real unquoting but what browsers are actually using for quoting. :param value: the header value to unquote. :rtype: str """ if value and value[0] == value[-1] == '"': # this is not the real unquoting, but fixing this so that the # RFC is met will result in bugs with internet explorer and # probably some other browsers as well. IE for example is # uploading files with "C:\foo\bar.txt" as filename value = value[1:-1] # if this is a filename and the starting characters look like # a UNC path, then just return the value without quotes. Using the # replace sequence below on a UNC path has the effect of turning # the leading double slash into a single slash and then # _fix_ie_filename() doesn't work correctly. See #458. if not is_filename or value[:2] != "\\\\": return value.replace("\\\\", "\\").replace('\\"', '"') return value def dict_from_cookiejar(cj): """Returns a key/value dictionary from a CookieJar. :param cj: CookieJar object to extract cookies from. :rtype: dict """ cookie_dict = {} for cookie in cj: cookie_dict[cookie.name] = cookie.value return cookie_dict def add_dict_to_cookiejar(cj, cookie_dict): """Returns a CookieJar from a key/value dictionary. :param cj: CookieJar to insert cookies into. :param cookie_dict: Dict of key/values to insert into CookieJar. :rtype: CookieJar """ return cookiejar_from_dict(cookie_dict, cj) def get_encodings_from_content(content): """Returns encodings from given content string. :param content: bytestring to extract encodings from. """ warnings.warn( ( "In requests 3.0, get_encodings_from_content will be removed. For " "more information, please see the discussion on issue #2266. (This" " warning should only appear once.)" ), DeprecationWarning, ) charset_re = re.compile(r'<meta.?charset=["\'](.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I) pragma_re = re.compile(r'<meta.?content=["\'];?charset=(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I) xml_re = re.compile(r'^<\?xml.?encoding=["\'](.+?)["\'>]') return ( charset_re.findall(content) + pragma_re.findall(content) + xml_re.findall(content) ) def _parse_content_type_header(header): """Returns content type and parameters from given header :param header: string :return: tuple containing content type and dictionary of parameters """ tokens = header.split(";") content_type, params = tokens[0].strip(), tokens[1:] params_dict = {} items_to_strip = "\"' " for param in params: param = param.strip() if param: key, value = param, True index_of_equals = param.find("=") if index_of_equals != -1: key = param[:index_of_equals].strip(items_to_strip) value = param[index_of_equals + 1 :].strip(items_to_strip) params_dict[key.lower()] = value return content_type, params_dict def get_encoding_from_headers(headers): """Returns encodings from given HTTP Header Dict. :param headers: dictionary to extract encoding from. :rtype: str """ content_type = headers.get("content-type") if not content_type: return None content_type, params = _parse_content_type_header(content_type) if "charset" in params: return params["charset"].strip("'\"") if "text" in content_type: return "ISO-8859-1" if "application/json" in content_type: # Assume UTF-8 based on RFC 4627: https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt since the charset was unset return "utf-8" def stream_decode_response_unicode(iterator, r): """Stream decodes an iterator.""" if r.encoding is None: yield from iterator return decoder = codecs.getincrementaldecoder(r.encoding)(errors="replace") for chunk in iterator: rv = decoder.decode(chunk) if rv: yield rv rv = decoder.decode(b"", final=True) if rv: yield rv def iter_slices(string, slice_length): """Iterate over slices of a string.""" pos = 0 if slice_length is None or slice_length <= 0: slice_length = len(string) while pos < len(string): yield string[pos : pos + slice_length] pos += slice_length def get_unicode_from_response(r): """Returns the requested content back in unicode. :param r: Response object to get unicode content from. Tried: 1. charset from content-type 2. fall back and replace all unicode characters :rtype: str """ warnings.warn( ( "In requests 3.0, get_unicode_from_response will be removed. For " "more information, please see the discussion on issue #2266. (This" " warning should only appear once.)" ), DeprecationWarning, ) tried_encodings = [] # Try charset from content-type encoding = get_encoding_from_headers(r.headers) if encoding: try: return str(r.content, encoding) except UnicodeError: tried_encodings.append(encoding) # Fall back: try: return str(r.content, encoding, errors="replace") except TypeError: return r.content # The unreserved URI characters (RFC 3986) UNRESERVED_SET = frozenset( "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" + "0123456789-._~" ) def unquote_unreserved(uri): """Un-escape any percent-escape sequences in a URI that are unreserved characters. This leaves all reserved, illegal and non-ASCII bytes encoded. :rtype: str """ parts = uri.split("%") for i in range(1, len(parts)): h = parts[i][0:2] if len(h) == 2 and h.isalnum(): try: c = chr(int(h, 16)) except ValueError: raise InvalidURL(f"Invalid percent-escape sequence: '{h}'") if c in UNRESERVED_SET: parts[i] = c + parts[i][2:] else: parts[i] = f"%{parts[i]}" else: parts[i] = f"%{parts[i]}" return "".join(parts) def requote_uri(uri): """Re-quote the given URI. This function passes the given URI through an unquote/quote cycle to ensure that it is fully and consistently quoted. :rtype: str """ safe_with_percent = "!#$%&'()+,/:;=?@[]~" safe_without_percent = "!#$&'()+,/:;=?@[]~" try: # Unquote only the unreserved characters # Then quote only illegal characters (do not quote reserved, # unreserved, or '%') return quote(unquote_unreserved(uri), safe=safe_with_percent) except InvalidURL: # We couldn't unquote the given URI, so let's try quoting it, but # there may be unquoted '%'s in the URI. We need to make sure they're # properly quoted so they do not cause issues elsewhere. return quote(uri, safe=safe_without_percent) def address_in_network(ip, net): """This function allows you to check if an IP belongs to a network subnet Example: returns True if ip = 192.168.1.1 and net = 192.168.1.0/24 returns False if ip = 192.168.1.1 and net = 192.168.100.0/24 :rtype: bool """ ipaddr = struct.unpack("=L", socket.inet_aton(ip))[0] netaddr, bits = net.split("/") netmask = struct.unpack("=L", socket.inet_aton(dotted_netmask(int(bits))))[0] network = struct.unpack("=L", socket.inet_aton(netaddr))[0] & netmask return (ipaddr & netmask) == (network & netmask) def dotted_netmask(mask): """Converts mask from /xx format to xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx Example: if mask is 24 function returns 255.255.255.0 :rtype: str """ bits = 0xFFFFFFFF ^ (1 << 32 - mask) - 1 return socket.inet_ntoa(struct.pack(">I", bits)) def is_ipv4_address(string_ip): """ :rtype: bool """ try: socket.inet_aton(string_ip) except OSError: return False return True def is_valid_cidr(string_network): """ Very simple check of the cidr format in no_proxy variable. :rtype: bool """ if string_network.count("/") == 1: try: mask = int(string_network.split("/")[1]) except ValueError: return False if mask < 1 or mask > 32: return False try: socket.inet_aton(string_network.split("/")[0]) except OSError: return False else: return False return True @contextlib.contextmanager def set_environ(env_name, value): """Set the environment variable 'env_name' to 'value' Save previous value, yield, and then restore the previous value stored in the environment variable 'env_name'. If 'value' is None, do nothing""" value_changed = value is not None if value_changed: old_value = os.environ.get(env_name) os.environ[env_name] = value try: yield finally: if value_changed: if old_value is None: del os.environ[env_name] else: os.environ[env_name] = old_value def should_bypass_proxies(url, no_proxy): """ Returns whether we should bypass proxies or not. :rtype: bool """ # Prioritize lowercase environment variables over uppercase # to keep a consistent behaviour with other http projects (curl, wget). def get_proxy(key): return os.environ.get(key) or os.environ.get(key.upper()) # First check whether no_proxy is defined. If it is, check that the URL # we're getting isn't in the no_proxy list. no_proxy_arg = no_proxy if no_proxy is None: no_proxy = get_proxy("no_proxy") parsed = urlparse(url) if parsed.hostname is None: # URLs don't always have hostnames, e.g. file:/// urls. return True if no_proxy: # We need to check whether we match here. We need to see if we match # the end of the hostname, both with and without the port. no_proxy = (host for host in no_proxy.replace(" ", "").split(",") if host) if is_ipv4_address(parsed.hostname): for proxy_ip in no_proxy: if is_valid_cidr(proxy_ip): if address_in_network(parsed.hostname, proxy_ip): return True elif parsed.hostname == proxy_ip: # If no_proxy ip was defined in plain IP notation instead of cidr notation & # matches the IP of the index return True else: host_with_port = parsed.hostname if parsed.port: host_with_port += f":{parsed.port}" for host in no_proxy: if parsed.hostname.endswith(host) or host_with_port.endswith(host): # The URL does match something in no_proxy, so we don't want # to apply the proxies on this URL. return True with set_environ("no_proxy", no_proxy_arg): # parsed.hostname can be `None` in cases such as a file URI. try: bypass = proxy_bypass(parsed.hostname) except (TypeError, socket.gaierror): bypass = False if bypass: return True return False def get_environ_proxies(url, no_proxy=None): """ Return a dict of environment proxies. :rtype: dict """ if should_bypass_proxies(url, no_proxy=no_proxy): return {} else: return getproxies() def select_proxy(url, proxies): """Select a proxy for the url, if applicable. :param url: The url being for the request :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs """ proxies = proxies or {} urlparts = urlparse(url) if urlparts.hostname is None: return proxies.get(urlparts.scheme, proxies.get("all")) proxy_keys = [ urlparts.scheme + "://" + urlparts.hostname, urlparts.scheme, "all://" + urlparts.hostname, "all", ] proxy = None for proxy_key in proxy_keys: if proxy_key in proxies: proxy = proxies[proxy_key] break return proxy def resolve_proxies(request, proxies, trust_env=True): """This method takes proxy information from a request and configuration input to resolve a mapping of target proxies. This will consider settings such a NO_PROXY to strip proxy configurations. :param request: Request or PreparedRequest :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs :param trust_env: Boolean declaring whether to trust environment configs :rtype: dict """ proxies = proxies if proxies is not None else {} url = request.url scheme = urlparse(url).scheme no_proxy = proxies.get("no_proxy") new_proxies = proxies.copy() if trust_env and not should_bypass_proxies(url, no_proxy=no_proxy): environ_proxies = get_environ_proxies(url, no_proxy=no_proxy) proxy = environ_proxies.get(scheme, environ_proxies.get("all")) if proxy: new_proxies.setdefault(scheme, proxy) return new_proxies def default_user_agent(name="python-requests"): """ Return a string representing the default user agent. :rtype: str """ return f"{name}/{__version__}" def default_headers(): """ :rtype: requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict """ return CaseInsensitiveDict( { "User-Agent": default_user_agent(), "Accept-Encoding": DEFAULT_ACCEPT_ENCODING, "Accept": "/", "Connection": "keep-alive", } ) def parse_header_links(value): """Return a list of parsed link headers proxies. i.e. Link: <http:/.../front.jpeg>; rel=front; type="image/jpeg",<http://.../back.jpeg>; rel=back;type="image/jpeg" :rtype: list """ links = [] replace_chars = " '\"" value = value.strip(replace_chars) if not value: return links for val in re.split(", <", value): try: url, params = val.split(";", 1) except ValueError: url, params = val, "" link = {"url": url.strip("<> '\"")} for param in params.split(";"): try: key, value = param.split("=") except ValueError: break link[key.strip(replace_chars)] = value.strip(replace_chars) links.append(link) return links # Null bytes; no need to recreate these on each call to guess_json_utf _null = "\x00".encode("ascii") # encoding to ASCII for Python 3 _null2 = _null * 2 _null3 = _null * 3 def guess_json_utf(data): """ :rtype: str """ # JSON always starts with two ASCII characters, so detection is as # easy as counting the nulls and from their location and count # determine the encoding. Also detect a BOM, if present. sample = data[:4] if sample in (codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE, codecs.BOM_UTF32_BE): return "utf-32" # BOM included if sample[:3] == codecs.BOM_UTF8: return "utf-8-sig" # BOM included, MS style (discouraged) if sample[:2] in (codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE, codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE): return "utf-16" # BOM included nullcount = sample.count(_null) if nullcount == 0: return "utf-8" if nullcount == 2: if sample[::2] == _null2: # 1st and 3rd are null return "utf-16-be" if sample[1::2] == _null2: # 2nd and 4th are null return "utf-16-le" # Did not detect 2 valid UTF-16 ascii-range characters if nullcount == 3: if sample[:3] == _null3: return "utf-32-be" if sample[1:] == _null3: return "utf-32-le" # Did not detect a valid UTF-32 ascii-range character return None def prepend_scheme_if_needed(url, new_scheme): """Given a URL that may or may not have a scheme, prepend the given scheme. Does not replace a present scheme with the one provided as an argument. :rtype: str """ parsed = parse_url(url) scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = parsed # A defect in urlparse determines that there isn't a netloc present in some # urls. We previously assumed parsing was overly cautious, and swapped the # netloc and path. Due to a lack of tests on the original defect, this is # maintained with parse_url for backwards compatibility. netloc = parsed.netloc if not netloc: netloc, path = path, netloc if auth: # parse_url doesn't provide the netloc with auth # so we'll add it ourselves. netloc = "@".join([auth, netloc]) if scheme is None: scheme = new_scheme if path is None: path = "" return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, "", query, fragment)) def get_auth_from_url(url): """Given a url with authentication components, extract them into a tuple of username,password. :rtype: (str,str) """ parsed = urlparse(url) try: auth = (unquote(parsed.username), unquote(parsed.password)) except (AttributeError, TypeError): auth = ("", "") return auth def check_header_validity(header): """Verifies that header parts don't contain leading whitespace reserved characters, or return characters. :param header: tuple, in the format (name, value). """ name, value = header _validate_header_part(header, name, 0) _validate_header_part(header, value, 1) def _validate_header_part(header, header_part, header_validator_index): if isinstance(header_part, str): validator = _HEADER_VALIDATORS_STR[header_validator_index] elif isinstance(header_part, bytes): validator = _HEADER_VALIDATORS_BYTE[header_validator_index] else: raise InvalidHeader( f"Header part ({header_part!r}) from {header} " f"must be of type str or bytes, not {type(header_part)}" ) if not validator.match(header_part): header_kind = "name" if header_validator_index == 0 else "value" raise InvalidHeader( f"Invalid leading whitespace, reserved character(s), or return" f"character(s) in header {header_kind}: {header_part!r}" ) def urldefragauth(url): """ Given a url remove the fragment and the authentication part. :rtype: str """ scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse(url) # see func:`prepend_scheme_if_needed` if not netloc: netloc, path = path, netloc netloc = netloc.rsplit("@", 1)[-1] return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params, query, "")) def rewind_body(prepared_request): """Move file pointer back to its recorded starting position so it can be read again on redirect. """ body_seek = getattr(prepared_request.body, "seek", None) if body_seek is not None and isinstance( prepared_request._body_position, integer_types ): try: body_seek(prepared_request._body_position) except OSError: raise UnrewindableBodyError( "An error occurred when rewinding request body for redirect." ) else: raise UnrewindableBodyError("Unable to rewind request body for redirect.")	32.66 KB	2026-01-20 12:58

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